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Human Bio > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Levels of Organization - Least to Most Complex

A

Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

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2
Q

Steps of Scientific Method

A

observe natural phenomenon

identify question/problem to explore

develop testable hypothesis

make a prediction

test the prediction

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3
Q

Control Group

A

standard to compare test group against

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4
Q

Variable

A

aspect of an object/event that may differ with the time or between subjects

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5
Q

Cell Theory

A

cells make up all living things

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6
Q

Germ Theory

A

germs are the root cause of diseases spreading and becoming infectious

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7
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

over time, changes in organisms occur

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8
Q

5 Fundamental Characteristics of Life

A
  1. cells - organisms are made up of membrane-bound cells
  2. replication - organisms are capable of reproduction
  3. evolution - populations of organisms are continually evolving
  4. information - organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes/environment
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9
Q

Homostasis

A

state of chemical and physical stability

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10
Q

Primary Elements Found In The Human Body

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
sodium
chlorine
magnesium
iron
iodine

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11
Q

3 Primary Subatomic Particles

A

protons

neutrons

electrons

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12
Q

Atomic Number

A

shares number of protons

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13
Q

Atomic Mass

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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14
Q

Chemical Symbol

A

abbreviates chemical name

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15
Q

Chemical Name

A

name of the element

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16
Q

Isotope

A

form of an atom that has the same number of protons and different number of neutrons

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17
Q

Radioisotope

A

isotopes that have radioactive elements, emits energy and particles to stabilize the nucleus of a radioisotope

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18
Q

Electron Valency

A

indicates atom will bond with others

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19
Q

Chemical Compound

A

combination of two or more different elements
proportions never vary

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20
Q

Chemical Mixture

A

two or more kinds of molecules mingle
proportions may be different

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21
Q

Ionic Bond

A

joins atoms with opposite electrical charges

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22
Q

Covalent Bond

A

atoms share two or more electrons

two atoms each have one electron in outer shell and needs one more to be complete

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23
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

two atoms pull equally on electrons
no charge difference at the two ends

hydrophobic

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24
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

two atoms DO NOT pull equally on electrons

the one with the most protons pulls more and has a sightly more negative charge

hydrophilic

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25
Hydrogen Bond
weak link formed between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom taking part in a separate covalent bond
26
Characteristics of Water
water molecules are polar polar molecules are attracted to water (hydrophilic) non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (repel by water)
27
Water As A Solvent
chemical reactions occur in water-based solutions, ions and polar molecules dissolve easily in it
28
Free Radicals
unstable missing electron in outer shell, molecule released by oxidation reactions
29
Antioxidants
gives up a free electron to the free radical to stabilize
30
pH Scale
measures the relative concentration of H+ (hydrogen) in fluids
31
Bicarbonate Buffer System
buffers protect against pH changes buffers happen in biological systems and operate as a balancing system - can only bind or release H+
32
Nucleus Charge
the nuceli of atoms are positive positive repels other positives, so atomic nuclei will repel each other
33
Electron Charge
electrons are negative, so (positive) atomic nuclei will attract (negative) electrons
34
Electron Shells
electrons orbit the nucleus in a shell shell 1 can have up to 2 electrons shell 2 and 3 can have up to 8
35
Chemical Reactions - Condensation
two molecules covalently bond into a larger one
36
Chemical Reactions - Hydrolysis
molecule splits into two smaller ones
37
Chemical Reactions - Transfer of Functional Groups
one molecule gives up a functional group, and a different molecule immediately accepts it
38
Chemical Reactions - Electron Transfer
one molecule donates electrons to another molecule
39
Chemical Reactions - Rearrangment
moving internal bonds converts one type of organic compound to another
40
Types of Molecules
enzymes speed reactions polymer carbohydrate protein lipid nucleic acid
41
Types of Lipids And Their Uses
saturated and unsaturated fats stores energy signaling molecules structural materials phospholipids build cell membranes
42
Phospholipids
main component of cell membranes hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail
43
Nucleotides
building blocks of nucleic acids composed of: one sugar at least one phosphate one nitrogen base
44
Eukaryotic Cell
DNA is contained inside nucleus, membrane encloses cells and organelles
45
Prokaryotic Cell
nothing separates DNA from other internal cells parts
46
Cell Structure
outer plasma membrane cytoplasm DNA
47
Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells
outer membrane separates interior of organelle from rest of cytoplasm membrane controls substances that enter/leave ribosomes and centrioles lack a membrane
48
Nucleus
nucleus encloses DNA of a eukaryotic cell nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus
49
Chromatin
cells DNA and protein associated with it, makes copy of DNA when cell is preparing to divide
50
Chromosome
double-stranded DNA molecule that carries genetic information
51
Diffusion
mechanism for moving substances across cell membrane dissolved molecule or ion moves down their concentration gradient passive transport - does not require energy
52
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a semipermerable membrane in response to solute concentration gradient
53
Tonicity
concentration of a solute in a solution hypotonic fluid has fewer solutes hypertonic fluid has more solutes
54
Metabolism
chemical reactions in a cell fueled by ATP, some release energy and others require it
55
Anabolism
metabolism that puts together small molecules
56
Catabolism
metabolism that breaks down large molecules
57
Metabolic Reactions - Reactant
any substance that takes part in a metabolic reaction
58
Metabolic Reactions - Intermediate
substance formed between beginning and end of metabolic pathway
59
Metabolic Reactions - Product
substance present at the end of a reaction or pathway
60
Enzymes
essential part of metabolic reactions most enzymes are proteins body controls activity of enzymes
61
ATP Via Cellular Respiration
step 1: glycolysis breaks down occurs in cytoplasm 2 ATP produced step 2: krebs cycle - produces energy and transports molecules stage 2: electron transport chain occurs inside mitochondria

Human Bio (4 decks)

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