Test 1

Question 1

What are the 4 Eons? (oldest to newest)

Answer 1

1. Hadean
2. Archean
3. Proterozoic
4. Phanerozoic

Question 2

What are the 3 Eras within the Phanerozoic Eon? (oldest to newest)

Answer 2

1. Paleozoic
2. Mesozoic
3. Cenozoic

Question 3

What are the 12 Periods within the Phanerozoic Eon? (oldest to newest)

Answer 3

1. Cambrian
2. Ordovician
3. Silurian
4. Devonian
5. Carboniferous
6. Permian
7. Triassic
8. Jurassic
9. Cretaceous
10. Paleogene
11. Neogene
12. Quaternary

Question 4

What is special creation?

Answer 4

The idea that species do not change and each species is created separately from each other.

Question 5

What are homologous structures?

Answer 5

Structures, behaviors, molecules are similar (while also differing in
appearance and function) because they are derived from a common ancestor

Question 6

What is selective breeding?

Answer 6

Selective breeding involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics

Question 7

What are vestigial structures?

Answer 7

A vestigial structure is a feature that a species inherited from an ancestor but that is now less elaborate and functional than in the ancestor.

Question 8

What is speciation?

Answer 8

Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created. Speciation occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics.

Question 9

What is succession?

Answer 9

Succession is a series of progressive changes in the composition of an ecological community over time.

Question 10

What are analogous structures/ convergent evolution?

Answer 10

Analogous structures are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.

Question 11

How old is the Earth?

Answer 11

4.6 Billion years old

Question 12

What are the 4 postulates?

Answer 12

1. Individuals within a populations vary (differ from one another, vary in traits)
2. These variations/differences in traits are heritable (passed from parent to
   offspring)
3. Some individuals within the population are more successful at surviving and
   reproducing (i.e. reproductive success differs between individuals within
   the population)
4. The difference in the reproductive success of individuals within a
   population is NOT RANDOM (not by luck or chance), but due to these
   variable traits that are inherited.

Question 13

What is individual fitness?

Answer 13

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its
environment as compared to other individuals

Question 14

What is an adaptation?

Answer 14

a trait or characteristic of an organism in result to natural selection, i.e.
one that increases the fitness relative to individuals without the trait

Question 15

Natural selection acts on _______, but the consequences occur in __________

Answer 15

individuals, populations

Question 16

Natural selection acts on ________, but evolution consists of changes in ______
frequencies

Answer 16

phenotypes, allele

Question 17

Natural selection is not _______ looking

Answer 17

Forward

Question 18

Phylogeny

Answer 18

A phylogenetic tree, also known as a phylogeny, is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

Question 19

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 19

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 20

What do scientific names consist of?

Answer 20

Genus and species

Question 21

What is the order of the classification hierarchy?

Answer 21

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 22

What does the term taxa mean?

Answer 22

to any named groups of organisms

Question 23

The _____ of the tree indicates the common ancestor.

Answer 23

root

Question 24

______ represent the most recent common ancestor of all the taxa that branch of from it

Answer 24

Nodes

Question 25

What are sister taxa?

Answer 25

taxa that are the closest relatives to each other compared to the rest of the taxa

Question 26

Monophyletic group

Answer 26

ancestor and all descendants

Question 27

Paraphyletic group

Answer 27

an ancestor but not all descendants

Question 28

Polyphyletic group

Answer 28

descendants but not common ancestor

Question 29

What is Reversal?

Answer 29

loss of traits in a lineage

Question 30

What is the first living thing called?

Answer 30

Primordial form

Question 31

Hadean age

Answer 31

4600-4000 mya

Question 32

Archean age

Answer 32

4000-2500 mya

Question 33

Proterozoic age

Answer 33

2500- 541 mya

Question 34

Phanerozoic age

Answer 34

541 mya - present

Question 35

The Universal Gene-Exchange Pool Hypothesis

Answer 35

*Phylogeny based on rRNA genes *Lateral gene transfer > vertical inheritance *Universal gene pool, rather than self-replication *Originally: no evolutionary trees or lineages

Question 36

The Ring of Life Hypothesis

Answer 36

* Eukaryotic genes involved in storage and use of genetic information are more similar to archaean genes (e.g., genes involved in transcription, translation) * Eukaryotic genes involved in storage and use of metabolic activities more similar to bacterial genes (e.g., genes involved in amino acid synthesis) - First Eukaryote: result of the fusion of an archaean (informational genes) with bacterium (metabolic genes) - In some versions: bacterial component in the fusion to create the first eukaryote eventually became the mitochondrion (endosymbiosis)

Question 37

The Chronocyte Hypothesis

Answer 37

* Separate lineage arose: the lineage that gave rise to Archaea and Bacteria + the chronocytes * Chronocytes eventually evolved a cytoskeleton and the ability to phagocytose other microbes. * Chronocytes phagocytosed an Archaen and developed endosymbiotic relationship, which gave rise to the nucleus, which in turn gave rise to the first Eucarya * Eucarya acquired mitochondrion and chloroplast by endosymbiosis with bacteria at a later stage

Question 38

The Three Viruses, Three Domains Hypothesis

Answer 38

* Structural similarities among viruses suggest they have a common ancestor that lived before LUCA or cellular life * Viruses switched to DNA as an adaptation against RNA-based host defenses * Many transitional forms of viruses exist (RNA-based, RNA-based intermediates, DNA intermediates, DNA-based) * DNA virus invaded RNA-based cell and became part of host cell eventually replacing RNA. These cells outcompeted the RNA-based cells. * Three viruses for three domains: viruses carrying DNA into Archaea and Eukarya were related. * Explains switch from RNA to DNA