TEST 1 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
Study of external and internal structures and the relationship between body parts
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
The study of how the body functions and the mechanisms in the body
3
Q
Cytology
A
Study of Cells
4
Q
Histology
A
Study of Tissues
5
Q
Morphology
A
Superficial anatomical markings
6
Q
Four major elements in the body
A
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen
7
Q
Major components of the body
A
Water - 66%
Proteins - 20%
Lipids - 10%
Carbohydrates - 3%
8
Q
Four types of tissue
A
Epithelial, Muscular, Neural, and Connective
9
Q
Name the 11 organ systems
A
I, S, M, N, E, C, L, R, D, U, R
10
Q
Definite Anabolism
A
The synthesis of complex molecules
11
Q
Define Catabolism
A
The breakdown of complex molecules
12
Q
List a part of the integumentary system
A
Epidermis
13
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
Brain, thoracic cage, vertebrate
14
Q
Name a muscle in the body
A
Deltoid
15
Q
Name a part of the endocrine system
A
Pituitary Gland
16
Q
Name a part of the lymphatic system
A
Spleen
17
Q
Supine
A
Lying down face up
18
Q
Anterior
A
Front of the body
19
Q
Prone
A
Lying face down
20
Q
Abdominopelvic quadrants
A
4 Sections
21
Q
Abdominopelvic regions
A
9 Sections
22
Q
Medial
A
Closer to middle
23
Q
Lateral
A
Further away from middle
24
Q
Proximal
A
Nearer to point of attachment
25
Distal
Further from point of attachment
26
Sagittal plane
Left and Right Sections
27
Frontal Plane
Separates the body into anterior and posterior sections
28
Transverse plane
Separates the tissue/body into superior and inferior sections (one you got wrong on the quiz)
29
Posterior Cavity
Contains cranial cavity and spinal cavity
30
Anterior cavity
Contains Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
31
Thoracic Cavity
Contains pleural cavity and pericardial cavity
32
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity
33
Visceral Pleura
(inner layer)
34
Parietal pleura
(outer layer)
35
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
No intercellular space, closely bound together
36
Epithelial exposed surface
Apical Surface
37
Epithelial attached surface
Basal surface (remember polarity refers to structural and functional differences)
38
Epithelioid cells
Epithelial cells without a free surface
39
What is the basal layer attached to?
Basal lamina
40
True or False: epithelial tissue is avascular
True
41
Neuroepithelia
Provides sensation
42
How are secretions produced
Through unicellular glands and glandular epithelia
43
What structures are found on the basolateral surface of cells?
Microvilli, Stereocilia, Ciliated spithelium
44
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Pericardial body cavity/alveoli, absorption
45
Stratified squamous epithelium
lining of vagina, protection
46
simple cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules, absorption
47
stratified cuboidal epithelium
lining of some ducts, protection
48
simple columnar epithelium
lining of uterine tubes, protection
49
stratified columnar epithelium
small portion of pharynx, protection
50
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Lining of nasal cavity, protection
51
Transitional epithelium
Urinary bladder, expansion and recoil
52
Glandular epithelia
Gland cells, multicellular glands
53
Exocrine glands
Serous: watery fluid
Mucous: mucus
Mixed exocrine glands: both serous and mucus
54
Unicellular glands
Mucins -
2 types: Goblet cells in the trachea and mucous cells in the salivary glands
55
Multicellular glands
- Produce secretory sheets
- Can be simple or compound
- Tubular, Alveolar, or tubuloalveolar
56
Eccrine Secretion
Most common, vesicles empty to surface
57
Apocrine secretion
Shedding of cytoplasm
58
Holocrine secretion
Cell bursts
59
3 Main Components of Connective Tissues
- Specialized cells
- Extracellular protein fibers
- Matrix (extracellular protein fibers - CALCIFIED)
60
Three major types of connective tissue
1. Proper
2. Fluid
3. Supporting
61
Proper Connective Tissue
- Fixed cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes)
- Wandering cells (mast cells/histamine, macrophages)
62
3 fibers in Supporting connective tissue
1. Collagen
2. Reticular
3. Elastic
63
Areolar Tissue
Deep dermis, connects skin to muscle
64
Adipose Tissue
Insulation, ex buttocks
65
Reticular Tissue
Support, ex liver, spleen
66
2 types of Dense Connective
Regular and Irregular
67
Regular Dense Connective Tissue
Tendons (muscle - bone) and ligaments (bone - bone)
68
Irregular Dense Connective Tissues
Provide strength, ex muscle Sheaths
69
2 types of Fluid Connective Tissues
Blood and Lymph
70
What is Lymph composed of?
Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
71
Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage types
Fibrous, Elastic, and Hyaline
72
Hyaline Cartilage
Flexible Support, located between ribs and sternum
73
Elastic Cartilage
Flexible Support, ex epiglottis
74
Fibrous cartilage tissue
Absorbs shock, ex pads within knee joints
75
Covering of Bone
Periosteum
76
4 types of membranes
1. Mucous
2. Serous
3. Cutaneous
4. Synovial
77
3 Types of Muscle cells
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
78
How are muscle cells different from typical cells?
The cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm, and the membrane is called sarcolemma
79
How is Muscle Repair Possible?
Myosatellite cells can reproduce
80
Neuroglia
Supporting cells of the neural tissue, they protect the neurons
81
Osteoporosis
Reduction in bone strength
82
Which 2 tissues cannot regenerate?
Cardiac muscle cells and neural tissue
83
2 Parts of the dermis and their functions
Papillary (nourishes epidermis) and reticular (stores lipids and attaches skin to deeper tissues)
84
4 types of cells found in the epidermis
1. Keratinocytes (keratin)
2. Melanocytes (melanin)
3. Merkel cells (sensory)
4. Langerhans (macrophages)
85
List the 5 layers of the epidermis
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum basale
86
How are dermal ridges formed?
Stratum germinativum forms dermal ridges/dermal papillae
87
Sustained reduction in blood flow
Cyanosis
88
Epidermal Pigments
Carotene and Melanin
89
Papillary layer is made up of:
Loose connective tissue, dermal papillae, capillaries, neuron axons
90
Reticular layer consists of:
Dense irregular connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
91
Arteries and veins form the:
Cutaneous plexus and subpapillary plexus
92
Tactile discs
Lamellar corpuscle and Tactile corpuscle
93
Stretch Recpetors
Ruffini corpuscles
94
2 other names for Hypodermis
1. Subcutaneous layer
2. Superficial fascia
95
What makes up the hypodermis?
Adipose tissue and major blood vessels
96
What parts of the hair matrix are keratinized?
Medulla is soft keratin, Cortex is hard keratin
97
Lanugo
Hair that forms 3 months into embryonic development
98
Hair that covers most of the body
Vellus
99
Hair that covers the head
Terminal
100
Hair growth rate
~ 0.33 mm per day
101
4 types of sweat glands
1. Apocrine glands
2. Ceruminous glands
3. Mammary glands
4. Eccrine glands
102
Folliculitis
Bacteria infected sebaceous follicle
103
Types of Sweat glands
Apocrine and eccrine/merocrine
(both consist of myoepithelial cells)
104
Name 2 extra glands in the body
Mammary glands and ceruminous glands (earwax)
105
Edge of nail with skin
Eponychium
106
Burn evalutions
11 areas - each area 9% total surface
107
Perineum
Crotch area
108
What is a critical burn?
- 30% 2nd degree
- 10% 3rd or 4th
- 3rd or 4th on the face hands or genitals
109
3 most common types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
110
What happens to skin as we age?
Epidermis thins
Langerhans cells decrease
Vitamin D declines
Melanocyte activity declines
Blood supply to the dermis decreases
111
Sensory cutaneous branches of the PNS
Dermatomes
112
Bone's store how much of the body's calcium?
98%
113
Blood cell production name
Hematopoiesis
114
Basic functional unit of bone
Osteons
115
Types of lamellae
Concentric, interstitial, and circumferential
116
Inside protective membrane of bone
Endosteum
117
Branching plates made of spongy bone
Trabeculae
118
Structure of spongy bone
Parallel struts and branching trabeculae
119
Ends of long bones
Epiphysis
120
Shaft of long bones
Diaphysis
121
Growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis
Metaphysis
122
How is the periosteum attached to the bone
Perforating fibers
123
What does the endosteum consist of?
Osteoprogenitor cells
124
Replacing cartilage with bone cells
Ossification
125
Calcification
Deposition of calcium ions into bone tissue
126
Intramembranous ossification
Bone formed from fibrous tissue (head)
127
Endochondral ossification (limbs/hips)
Bone formed from cartilage tissue
128
Epiphyseal line
Area of cartilage in metaphysis
129
Appositional Growth
Increase in Diameter
130
Calcitriol
Made in kidneys from D3 and helps absorb calcium ions and phosphate ions
131
What hormones regulate bone growth?
Parathyroid, Calcitonin, Thyroxine, GH, estrogen, testosterone
132
Estrogen and Testosterone
Stimulate osteoblast activity
133
Transverse fracture
break to long axis
134
Displaced fracture
Abnormal bone arrangements
135
Compression fractures
Bones jam together
136
Spiral fracture
Bones twist along length
137
Comminuted fractures
Many bony fragments
138
Greenstick fractures
Only one edge of the bone breaks while the other edge bends
139
Colles facture
Break at the distal portion of the radius
140
Pott fracture
Occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and fibula
141
4 stages of a bone break
1. Hematoma
2. Internal callus
3. External callus
4. Swelling cover fracture location
142
Ossification decreases lead to:
Osteopenia
143
Osteopororsis
Bones become porous
144
Sutural bones
Suture spots
145
Flat Bones
146
Long bones
ex Femur
147
Sesamoid Bones
ex Patella
148
Short bones
Boxlike, ex carpals
149
Pneumatized Bones
Hollow or contain air pockets
150
Irregular Bones
Vertebrate
