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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anatomy

A

The study of structure

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

The study of function

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3
Q

What do science and scientific methods do

A

Set standards for truth

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4
Q

What is the inductive method

A

The process of making multiple observations until you become confident in making predictions

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5
Q

What is a theory

A

An explanatory statement derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

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6
Q

What are selection pressures

A

Forces that promote reproductive success in some more than others

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7
Q

What are adaptations

A

Inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures

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8
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and maintain relatively stable internal conditions

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9
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Cycles in the body that self amplify and can only be stop by outside resources

Like the flu you need medication

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10
Q

Define gradient

A

The difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

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11
Q

Explain the concept of homeostasis

A

It is the ability to detect change, oppose it, and maintain stable internal conditions.

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12
Q

Explain what a gradient is

A

Difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points.

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12
Q

Define a molecule

A

Two or more atoms united with a chemical bond.

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13
Q

What are isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different atom arrangements.

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14
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

Attraction between a cation and an anion, easily broken

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15
Q

Define solvency

A

Ability to dissolve other chemicals.

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16
Q

What are hydrophilic substances?

A

Substances that dissolve in water (Polar/charged).

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17
Q

What are hydrophobic substances

A

Substances that do not dissolve in water (nonpolar/neutral).

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18
Q

What defines a solution?

A

Something that has been dissolved.

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19
Q

Describe colloids

A

Particles larger than water in a solution, usually a mixture of proteins and water

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20
Q

What is a suspension

A

When cells sink

Separate when not mixed

e.g., red blood cells sink in plasma.

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21
Q

Explain the concept of emulsion

A

Suspension of one liquid in another

Do not separate when not mixed

e.g., oil and vinegar.

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22
Q

Define an acid

A

A proton donor that releases hydrogen ions in water

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23
Q

What characterizes a base

A

A proton acceptor that accepts hydrogen ions in water or releases OH in water

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24
Explain what pH measures
The measure of hydrogen concentration in a liquid.
25
Define buffers
Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
26
What is energy
The capacity to do work.
27
What is a chemical reaction
The making or breaking of bonds
28
Identify the classes of chemical reactions
Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions
29
Explain reversible reactions
Reactions that can proceed in either direction under different circumstances
30
What influences reaction rates
Concentration, temperature, and catalyst presence.
31
Define metabolism
All chemical reactions in the body
32
Differentiate catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism releases energy and breaks covalent bonds; anabolism stores energy and synthesizes molecules
33
Explain oxidation in chemical reactions
A reaction where a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
34
Define an ion
A charged particle with an unequal amount of protons and electrons
35
What is ionization
Transfer of elections from one atom to another
36
What are free radicals
Unstable, highly reactive particles with an unusual amount of electrons
37
What are antioxidants
Chemicals that neutralize free radicals
38
Define a molecule
A particle composed of two or more atoms united with a chemical bond
39
What is a hydrogen bond
A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in a different molecule
40
What are isomers
Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms
41
Define a mixture
substances that are physically blended but not chemically
42
What is a decomposition reaction
A large molecule breaks into two smaller molecules
43
What is a synthesis reaction
Two or more smaller molecules combine into a larger one
43
What is free energy
Potential energy available in a system to do work
44
What is an exchange reaction
Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms
45
What are functional groups
Attach to something and change the form for a specific function
46
What is reduction
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
47
What are macromolecules
Large organic molecules with high molecular weights
48
What are polymers
Molecules made of a repetitive series of monomers
49
What is dehydration synthesis
Removing of water Ex. Condensation
50
What is hydrolysis
Addition of water Ex. Splitting a polymer by adding water
51
What are carbohydrates
Hydrophilic organic molecules
52
What are disaccharides
Sugars made of two monosaccharides
53
What are oligosaccharides
Short chains of three or more monosaccharides
54
What are polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides (50+ or more)
54
What does it mean to be conjugated
to be bound
55
Define cellulose
Structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber
56
Define Moiety
each component of a conjugated macromolecule
57
Define a protein
A polymer of amino acids
58
Define a peptide
two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
59
What is a peptide bond
Joins amino group of one amino acid to carboxy group of the next
60
What is an oligopeptide
A peptide that contains 4-15 amino acids
61
What is a polypeptide
A peptide with more than 15 amino acids
62
What is a conformation
The three dimensional shape of proteins
63
What is Denaturation
Extreme conformational change that destroys function
64
What is primary structure
Sequence of amino acids within a protein molecule One line (Linear)
65
What is secondary structure
Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds (Two dimensional)
66
What is an Alpha Helix
A springlike shaped protein
67
What is a beta sheet
A folded or ribbon like shaped protein
68
What is tertiary structure
Three-dimensional shape of proteins
68
What are the best ways to denature proteins
high temperature and Extreme pH levels
68
What is quaternary structure
Multiple 3d protein bonds
69
What are cofactors
Nonprotein partner to enzymes
70
What are Lipids
Hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
71
What is a metabolic pathway
A chain of reactions each catalyzed by a different enzyme
72
What are triglycerides
How you transport fatty acids
73
Define amphipathic
When part of it loves water and the other hates it- these make the cell wall in cells
74
What are nucleotides
organic compounds with three components
75
How is ATP made
By splitting glucose
75
What are the three components of nucleotides
A nitrogenous base Sugar One or more phosphate groups
76
What is a pump
Carriers that consume ATP
76
What do cell adhesion molecules do
Link the cell to extracellular material
77
What do microvilli do
Increase the surface area of a cell
78
What do cilia do
Move mucus to help prevent infection
79
What is flagellum
The tail of sperm
80
What are passive mechanisms
mechanisms that require no ATP Filtration, Osmosis, Diffusion
81
What are active mechanisms
Mechanisms that require ATP Active transport, Sodium potassium pump
82
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water
83
What is osmotic pressure
How much energy I need to do water diffusion
84
What is Hydrostatic
The amount of energy it takes to stop water diffusion
85
What does it mean to be hypotonic
To absorb water or absorb
86
What does it mean to be hypertonic
To lose water or shrink
87
What is carrier mediated support
Where the proteins carry solutes in/out of the cell
88
What is facilitated diffusion
Carrier moves solute down the concentration gradient (passive)
89
What is primary active transport
Carrier moves solute up the gradient. Sodium potassium pump
90
What is secondary active transport
Carrier moves solute up gradient like primary but has a second pump
91
What is specificity
When the protein specifically matches the solute
92
What is saturation
When the concentration reaches a certain point the rate the solute moves at will max out
93
What is uniport
A carrier moves one type of solute
94
What is symport
Carrier moves two solutes in the same direction
95
What is antiport
Carrier moves two solutes in different directions
96
What is endocytosis
Brings material into the cell
97
What is exocytosis
Removes material from the cell
98
What is phagocytosis
Engulfs and destroys cell
99
What is pinocytosis
Cell drinking
100
What is transcytosis
transport material across the cell
101
What does the nucleus do
House DNA Has a high gradient to not lose DNA
101
What does the Rough ER do
Help make proteins
101
What is the liquid in the cytoplasm
Cytosol
102
What does the Smooth ER do
Help with storage
103
What do ribosomes do
Help make proteins and RNA
104
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Use carbs to finish making proteins
105
What is autophagy
Digestion of extra cell organelles
106
What is autolysis
digestion of a whole cell or cell suicide
107
What do peroxisomes do
Oxidize organic molecules with oxygen
108
What do proteasomes do
break down proteins
109
What does the mitochondria do
Make ATP
110
What does a centriole do
Maintain organization in the cell
111
What is tonicity
How much the solution affects the cell High tonicity is hypertonic Low tonicity is Hypotonic

Anatomy (7 decks)

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