Test 1

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

System of naming and classification of living organisms, which ideally depicts evolutionary relationships between groups

Question 2

Taxa

Answer 2

Named groups of organisms (taxon, singular)

Question 3

Homology

Answer 3

Similarity that is a result of common ancestry

Question 4

Analogy

Answer 4

similarity that is a result of convergent evolution “Different things that look similar”

Question 5

Speciation/Cladogenesis

Answer 5

When a population of interbreeding individuals is divided following some form of barrier to gene exchange and then the two groups become reproductively isolated from each other and diverge so that they no longer share the same alleles.

Question 6

Phylogenetic trees

Answer 6

Way of showing descent and branching (speciation) patterns

Question 7

Tips

Answer 7

represents species or other taxonomic group

Question 8

Branches

Answer 8

Represents progression of time after a speciation event, a lineage

Question 9

Nodes

Answer 9

Common ancestor between groups

Question 10

Anagenesis

Answer 10

Evolution within a lineage without speciation

Question 11

Cladogenesis

Answer 11

Another word for speciation - the process of splitting of one group into two (Occurs at a node)

Question 12

Clade

Answer 12

A group of species that consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants = A monophyletic group

Question 13

Sister species/ sister taxa

Answer 13

Two species/ taxa that share a more recent common ancestor than they share with any other taxa.

Question 14

Polytomy

Answer 14

Three or more different groups split from the common ancestor at the same time

Question 15

Cladogram

Answer 15

Branch length does not matter, only the order of branching

Question 16

Phylogram

Answer 16

Branch length indicates either time or amount of evolutionary change

Question 17

Plato

Answer 17

Essentialism, and the fixity of species (eidos), idea

Question 18

Aristotle

Answer 18

• The great chain of being every species in its place and a place and a place for every species
• Every species fit into the ladder

Question 19

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 19

• Established the classification system used today
• Relatedness based on similarity of design resembles today’s phylogenies

Question 20

Compte de Buffon

Answer 20

• Internal “mould” common to species in a genus, but each species arose and modified differently in different environments
• Special creation; species defined by ability to breed

Question 21

James Hutton, Charles Lyell

Answer 21

• Geology and Uniformitarianism
• Growth in material

Question 22

Reverend William Paley

Answer 22

• Science and religion related/ Come together

Question 23

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 23

• Spontaneous generation and transformation
• Inheritance of acquired characteristics (Adapted from others)

Question 24

Georges Cuvier

Answer 24

• Father of comparative anatomy
• Anatomist, demonstrated extinctions in past but denounced evolution or transformism

Question 25

Malthus

Answer 25

natural selection

Question 26

Alfred Russell Wallace

Answer 26

- Discovered natural selection independently, father of biogeography, contacted darwin

Question 27

Darwin

Answer 27

- Origins of species (Marshelled evidence for evolution, provided mechanism (Variation among rather than transformation of organisms))

Question 28

Thomas Huxley

Answer 28

-"Darwin bulldog" - Humans closely related to apes

Question 29

Ernst Haeckel

Answer 29

- Introduced terms like "phylogeny" - Drew a lot of the first phylogenies

Question 30

Ernst Mayr

Answer 30

- Pointed out the fundamentally different world view evolution presented - Systematics, speciation (birds)

Question 31

Gergor Mendels

Answer 31

- Alternative of blending inheritance - Explanation of alleles

Question 32

Ronald fisher

Answer 32

Formal mathematical description of selection

Question 33

George Gaylord Simpson

Answer 33

Vertebrate Paleontology

Question 34

Motoo Kimura

Answer 34

- Neutral Theory - Developmental biology, Plate tectonics, phylogenetic systematics

Question 35

Willi Hennig

Answer 35

- Found for modern phylogenetics - Synthesis of phylogenetic/genealogic approaches with molecular biology elevated the importance and utility of history