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Evolution > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Models of gene flow

A
  • Mainland/Island - Simplest model
  • Stepping stone - Multiple populations, migration between geographical adjacent populations
  • Isolation by distance - Not restricted to adjacent populations; similar to stepping stone; most biologically occured
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2
Q

Homogenization

A

Migration makes population more similar

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3
Q

Clines

A
  • Produced by gene flow
  • Geographic regions of change in some trait
  • Width of cline determined by gene flow and selection
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4
Q

Polyandry

A

individual females mate with multiple females

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5
Q

Polygyny

A

Individual male mating with multiple females

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6
Q

Unequal mating success

A

Differences in the reproductive output (# of offspring) among individuals in a population

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7
Q

Unequal fecundity

A

Differences in the reproductive output (# of offspring) among individuals in a population

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8
Q

Most extreme form of nonrandom mating ?

A

Selfing (Mating with your own genotype)

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9
Q

Genetic drift mimics the effects of ?

A

Long-term inbreeding because it increases the probability of identity by descent

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10
Q

3 ways to reduce unequal mating success

A

Mating system, population subdivision, inbreeding

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11
Q

How to avoid Inbreeding depression

A
  • Mate choice
  • Dispersal, even sex biased
  • Self-incompatibility
  • Dioecy
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12
Q

Polygenic variation

A

two or more loci affecting one trait (Ex-Body size)

  • Multiple genes affect a single characteristics
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13
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One locus affecting more than one trait (Ex-Melonin amount)

  • Single gene affects multiple characteristics
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14
Q

Broad sense heritability

A

Phenotypic variation due to all genetic variation

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15
Q

Narrow sense heritability

A

Phenotypic variation due to additive genetic variation

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16
Q

s (Selection coefficient)

A

Difference in survivorship fitness between genotype groups

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17
Q

S (Selection Differential)

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A

Differences in phenotypes among survivorship groups

18
Q

b (Selection gradient)

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A

Slope of adaptive landscape

19
Q

Character’s heritability determines

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A

it’s response to selection

20
Q

There will be no evolution if

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A

there is no heritable variation

21
Q

Quantitative genetic adaptive landscape

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A

Plots fitness against traits

22
Q

Population genetic landscape

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A

Fitness plotted against allele or genotype frequencies

23
Q

What is the source of genetic correlations

24
Q

Genetic correlations

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A

Can slow or accelerate evolution in certain directions. Can even cause characters to change in opposite direction from selection

25
Sexual Dimorphism
A biological trait where the males and females of a species have different physical or behavioral characteristics
26
Why does sexual selection originate ? And where do the differences
Sexual selection originates because individuals within a species compete for mating opportunities, which can result in differential reproductive success - Differences come from ? - Metabolic/nutritional cost of sperm vs eggs - Potential rates of reproduction - Parental care
27
Intrasexual Selection
a type of sexual selection that occurs when members of the same sex compete for access to mates -Direct combat - Sperm competition - Infanticide - Alternative mating strategies
28
Intersexual selection
A process where organisms compete to be chosen by the opposite sex for mating - Direct benefits - By mating with males with preferred characters, females get some direct benefit and thus increasing offspring's chances of surviving - Indirect benefits : Genetic Correlation - Good genes: male traits are indicators of the quality of other genes - Fisherian runaway selection: Genetic correlation forms between male trait and preference - Preexisting bias - Pleiotropy
29
Selfish Genes
Operate @ 1 level not at other levels - Genes itself can proliferate - Transposable elements - No benefit to organisms - Sines, Lines, LTR
30
Inclusive Fitness
- Altruism - Kin selection - Inclusive fitness
31
Altruism
Individual instigating the action (actor) pays a fitness cost and the individual on the receiving end benefits
32
Kin selection
Selection favoring genes that promote the fitness of relatives
33
Inclusive Fitness
Fitness as measured by the reproductive success of the individual who carries an allele plus that of relatives also likely to carry it
34
Eusociality
- Overlapping generations - Cooperative brood care - Specialized non-reproductive castes
35
2 levels of selection
- Gene Selection - Species Selection - When a trait facilitates species diversification - Independent of it's fitness within a species, or - Is a property of a species and not of an individual (Geographical Range)
36
For microevolution
species are the largest group of individuals or populations that can form an evolving unit
37
For macroevolution
Species are the smallest named taxon and the smallest clade
38
Species Definitions
- Traditional Concepts - Process Concepts - Pattern Concepts
39
Traditional Concepts
- Morphospecies Concept - Species you can tell apart morphologically
40
Process Concepts
- Biological species concept - Groups that have the potential to interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from other such groups - Evidence breeding or observations of behaviors; indirectly, geographic pattern - Smooth Cline
41
Pattern Concepts
Phylogenetic Species concepts - Smallest set of populations that all share a derived character (apomorphy) that shows them to be a monophyletic group

Evolution (3 decks)

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