Test 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Norms
A
generally understood to be the formal and informal rules of conduct for membership in a group. They are the rules that guide our behaviour.
2
Q
Folkways
A
Everyday rules that don’t cause too much turmoil if violated (ex. Manners, Etiquette)
3
Q
Mores
A
Carry a greater social significance. Violating leads to harsher criticism. (ex. cheating on a parter, stealing from a friend)
4
Q
Laws
A
Strongest form of norms. Backed on official sanctions.
5
Q
Informal Social Control
A
The sanctions (consequences) applied to individuals violating folkways and mores.
6
Q
Formal Social Control
A
Sanctions applied to individuals who violate laws.
7
Q
Agents of Informal Social Control
A
Members of the group that enforce control. (ex. family and friends).
8
Q
Agents of Formal Social Control
A
Enforce control as police, the state, doctors, social workers, etc. They have the power to create a lasting document.
9
Q
What are the 5 reasons to study deviance?
A
- Vicarious Experience (reality tv. Engage without being deviant)
- Reform
- Understanding Oneself and Others
- Intellectual Curiosity
- Self-Protection and Sophistication
10
Q
What are the 3 concepts of deviance?
A
- Objective
- Subjective
- Critical
11
Q
Objective Conception
A
- Also known as positivistic
Deviance is a violation of a universal law (or norm) OR it is something inherent in an individual, behaviour or characteristic that makes it necessarily deviant.
Very standard and used widely.
Focus: Macro social structures
Methods: Scientific Method, generating statistics, surveys, questionnaires, deductive reasoning.
Values: Only important in choosing a research topic and why it is worthy of study. The researcher is expected to be value neutral and the outcome of research is value free.
Problems: Humans are distinctly different than the areas of investigation in the natural sciences, Imagination, majority of sociology has been established through the lens of middle-aged white men studying marginalized groups.
The basic supposition of this perspective is that there are “universal laws” (or the norms of macro social structures) that govern our behaviour and that exist beyond the individual.
12
Q
Subjective Conception
A
- ‘Social Constructionist’, ‘Reactionist’, & ‘Relativist’
Deviance as a social construction
Focus: the individual actor/micro social structures
Methods: Qualitative Research methods: content analysis, ethnographies, narratives, embedded research, open ended questions in interviews, case studies focus groups, grounded theory, and inductive reasoning.
Values: are an important part of the research and an important element of the group being studied. Researchers are not expected to be value neutral.
Problems: - What about very serious norms that are violated that are never known about, or discovered, and therefore cannot be reacted to?
- Some who are strict subjective reactionists would argue that these acts (or beliefs or attitudes) are not deviant.
A particular person (or group), behaviour, or characteristic is deviant only if the dominant moral codes of a specific society at a certain time in history say it’s deviant
13
Q
Critical Conception
A
The newest conception
Focus: Macro and Global Level Social Structures
Methods: This conception sees the value in both Qualitative and Quantitative methods
Values: Some values are right and some are wrong. This conception takes a stance when it comes to the role of values.
Problems: There are still some things that the vast majority of society agrees are so immoral, so unethical, and so deviant that they should be illegal and the system can serve to protect our interests against.
14
Q
What makes us (humans) distinctly different than other subjects of study?
A
Our imagination!
15
Q
Who is C. Wright Mills?
A
- Neisha’s sociological boyfriend
- Wrote “The Sociological Imagination”
16
Q
What is the Sociological Imagination?
A
- the ability to see the intricate connection between individual experiences and larger social forces
- It involves understanding how personal challenges and successes are influenced by historical context, cultural norms, and societal structures rather than being purely the result of individual choices.
- Building block for our understanding of deviance and theory
17
Q
What were the 4 most frequently cited ways that Objective Conceptions of Deviance have used to find the “Common Thread” found in all things considered deviant?
A
- Statistical Rarity
- Harmfulness
- Societal Reaction
- Normative Violation
18
Q
What is statistical rarity?
A
- Deviation from the common centre
- This is not common academia, but it is popular in everyday language
- The statistical method is simple and ‘apparently’ objective, but it is not a reliable way of distinguishing deviance.
19
Q
What is harmfulness (common thread)?
A
- Physical harm
- Functional harm
- Ontological harm
20
Q
How does harmfulness not distinguish deviance?
A
- Evidence that deviance is harmful is often exaggerated or invented by those who want to control it
- Sometimes the greatest harm of deviance lies in the cost of its suppression
- Many kinds of deviance are less harmful than other things not so labeled
21
Q
What is normative violation?
A
- The notion that violating folkways and mores (formal and informal norm violation) constitutes deviance.
- On the surface, this seems like a good way to define or designate deviant conduct; however, there are problems.
22
Q
What is societal reaction?
A
- tolerant response to deviant behaviour
- denying response
- polarizing response-robin hood being loved by the poor for stealing from the rich but the rich hating him…aka demonization vs romanization
23
Q
Who/what are moral entrepreneurs?
A
- Those who manufacture public morality via the construction of norms
- Who are these people/groups in our society? (Influencers, political figures, leaders, advocacy groups)
- Rules are invoked when someone with influence feels they are needed, not every time someone breaks them.
- Therefore, deviance is more of a descriptive name or label used to exclude people in the view of influential others.
24
Q
Why is this course based on theory?
A
- Theory turns our anecdotal experience of deviant human behaviour into a systematic understanding of social behaviour.
- Plus, ideas about deviance have changed and evolved based on the development of theory over time.
- Theoretical solutions to the issues of deviance are really important because many of our current responses to deviant behaviour are erroneously based on an “individualistic” notion.
25
what are the three social structures of?
Micro, Macro, Global
26
What is physical deviance?
the most visible form of deviance, and it can evoke stereotypes, stigma, and discrimination.
27
What are the two main categories of physical deviance and appearance?
1. Violations of aesthetic/beauty norms
2. Physical incapacity – or physical disability
28
What is Snapchat dysphoria?
A condition where people want to alter their physical appearance so they can look like their own filtered and altered selfies.
29
What were the issues discussed around the issue of self harm?
Self-injuries may seem maladaptive, but as reported by those who engage in such behaviour, most of these behaviours are seen as attempts at self-help…
- Some researchers are now suggesting that self-injury is being ‘De-Medicalized’
- Self-harm methods were described by research respondents as “quick fixes” to alleviate difficult or painful emotions, which allow them to continue to be productive in their daily lives.
30
Relationships and deviance
Like all forms of deviance, sexual deviance is largely determined by the community, culture, and context.
- Sexually unconventional behaviour is another central topic of discussion when it comes to the study of deviance.
- Monogamy is the legal norm, yet some religions and subcultures still allow and encourage men to take multiple wives.
31
In our culture, monogamy is the legal norm… what were the two ”deviant” examples we discussed that defy this norm?
Ashley Madison and Yearning for Zion Ranch raid.
32
What are some of the ‘deviant’ issues with ELITE DEVIANCE?
- White-collar crime, corporate crime.
Examples: Ford Pinto, Collapse of ENRON, BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Bernie Madoff Ponzi Scheme
33
Features of deviance?
- Culturally specific (behaviour acceptable at a bar or hockey game may not be acceptable in the classroom or at the dinner table)
- Varies within and across cultures
- Varies in time and space (wine at 7am vs 7pm)
- There are different norms for different people members of society
- Deviant subcultures
- Degrees of Deviance
34
Global Perspectives
All too often, people are punished, oppressed, and sanctioned simply because of who they are, or for what Howard Becker would call their master status.
35
What were the two examples discussed in lecture that detail global perspectives?
Malala and David Kato
(Social control of girls and women, social control of homosexuality)
36
what is the demonic perspective?
#devilmademedoit
- Early explanations of deviance could not draw from the scientific world, as it did not yet exist, instead they located explanations in the supernatural.
- Common explanation was demonic possession
* Deviance was EXPLAINED (rather than described) as being caused by SUPERNATURAL FORCES.
* No one looked to physiology, medical, environmental or natural reasons for “bad” things.
* No coincidences either…
* Everything that happened, happened outside of human control
37
What are the two main paths to deviance under the demonic perspective?
possession and temptation
(could invite or be victims of)
Temptation (shows himself in many different ways or guises. Devil can promise you many things in exchange for his soul)
Possession (not necessarily tempted to do it but rather feel like they have been taken over by these forces… the devil invades your body. People are victims of the devil or spells by demonic forces)
38
prior to the Enlightenment, deviance was thought of as both ____ and ___
causal and supernatural
39
Procter and Gamble, as a corporation, were accused of Satanism, and their logo, thought to be a symbol of Satanism, was presented as proof. This can be seen as a modern day urban legend, and sociologically as a ____?
Moral panic
40
What is a moral panic?
when concern about an issue is drummed up disproportionately to the actual potential harm.
41
Example of a trickster
Papa Legba and Anansi
42
What is a trickster?
- common archetype in folklore and mythology
* Everything the trickster does is permeated with laughter, irony, wit, and deviance
43
What are different conceptions of a trickster?
* Harmless Practical Jokester (Bugs Bunny)
* Deviant in the name of greater good (Robin Hood)
* Malicious Deviant (The Joker)
* Any shape shifting characters
* Typically portrayed as foxes, coyotes, etc. what we already know as trickster
* Also the use of Ouija boards are connected to tricksters. Attracts trickster spirit rather than the person you actually want to speak to
* Trickster embodies the paradox and the dangerous side of deviance
44
History of trickster
* West African Mythology
*Most prominent trickster, Anansi (a spider)
* Originating from Benin, Papa Legba. Guardian of crossroads. If you want to talk to someone that has crossed over you have to ask Papa Legba and he has to give you permission
* All these tricksters are inspired by these
* They were migrated here as slaves and brought their tales with them
45
What is the difference between a pantheistic world view and a monotheistic world view?
Pan: God is everywhere, multiple Gods
* Word means “All in God” in greek
* The doctrine that regards the universe as a manifestation of the gods/goddesses
* Deviance (and all “bad” things) are the acts of gods/goddesses and/or hostile spirits
* Deviance was not predictable or preventable and was beyond human control
* Suffering was beyond human control
Mono:
- Belief in only one god, deity or spirit…. Offset by one evil
- Ie: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
- Concept is dominated by Abraham based religion
- * Deviance of all forms has some human accountability …. For giving into the forces of evil.
- 2 pathways: temptation and possession
46
How is deviance seen from each of these world views?
Pan:
- Deviance (and all “bad” things) are the acts of gods/goddesses and/or hostile spirits
* Deviance was not predictable or preventable and was beyond human control
* Suffering was beyond human control
Mono:
- Deviance has some human accountability
47
No longer is the deviant a creature possessed by devils, but the deviant is a ______ _______ who made self serving choices.
Rational actor
48
What is modern jurisprudence?
the laws and principals that govern court decisions
49
Who were the Philosophes?
- Thinkers of how they can change society
- Would meet in Paris
- Known as “social critics” of the time
- Most Philosophes were atheist
- Most opposed the monarchy and the divine right
- Objected to the special privileges that some in society go
- Put their faith in reason rather than church
- Tried to apply reason to all aspects of life
- Most were deists (someone who believes in a single god who created the world but does not act to influence events) – they believed in God as the creator of the universe but rejected church rituals and the authority of the clergy.
50
In this new view (classical era) deviance could not be treated with exorcism or execution; the only way to deal with deviance was/is ______.
Deterrence
51
What was the Philosophes philosophy?
The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number
52
What was the Philosophes significance and their contributions to the Classical Era as it pertains to deviance?
The philosophes helped redefine deviance by:
- Emphasizing rationality and human rights over arbitrary or authoritarian control.
- Advocating for legal fairness and punishments that align with justice rather than oppression.
- Promoting freedom of thought and expression as essential rights, thereby de-stigmatizing dissent and nonconformity.
- Encouraging a secular basis for morality that separated legal and moral deviance from religious transgressions.
53
Name some of the Philosophes
Voltaire:
- The most brilliant and influential of the philosophes
- Fought for tolerance, reason, limited government & free speech
- Published 70 books
- Very much a trickster, used humour to make fun of his opponents
- Cesare Beccaria (wrote On Crimes and Punishment with Voltaire)
Thomas Hobbs:
- Leviathan
- Social Contract
- He believed people were naturally selfish and wicked
- He believed everyone had to hand over their rights to a strong leader to gain law and order
Jeremy Bentham:
- Created the panopticon
- A total utilitarian
- Obsessed with changing society as it was.
- Believed that in order to control deviant behaviour, the rules needed to be changed, showing that conformity was the best pathway to happiness.
- Thought panopticons should be in the middle of town to deter people from being deviant
54
What are the five central tenants of the classical era?
1) People are hedonistic
2) People have free will
3) Society represents a social contract (giving up some hedonistic pleasure to be a part of a society that is governed by laws and norms. In exchange for giving it up you got a society with social order. Basically, the way to gain membership)
4) Punishment: sufficiently severe & predictable
5) Goal of Society: the greatest good for the greatest number (teleological direction of society) … very utilitarian.
People challenging these people needed protection from the backlash
55
Under the classical era how is the behaviour of human beings viewed?
Viewed as deterministic, quite different from the pre-scientific era
56
What is neo-classical theory and what was the contribution of it?
- The understanding that classical theory in application was too rigid
- Systems were gradually modified
- Judges needed more power to consider circumstances in which crimes are committed
- 3 new concepts: mitigating factors, past record, differences in free will
57
Why were the contributions of neo-classical theory important?
It allowed judges to be more flexible and fair in their sentencing
58
What are the 5 different types of deterrence?
1) General deterrence
2) Relative deterrence
3) Restrictive deterrence
4) Absolute deterrence
5) Specific deterrence
59
Absolute Deterrence
When penalties for nonconforming behaviour are so strong that no one commits crime
60
Relative Deterrence
Penalties are frequent enough and serious enough to encourage other choices
61
General Deterrence
The demonstration effect. You see it online or in newspaper, you don’t do it. These are efforts to implement general deterrence.
- Reduce the probability of deviance in the general population
- Norms and laws are designed to produce and maintain the image that "negative" and disruptive behaviours will receive attention and punishment
- Ex. drunk-driving crackdowns, death penalty, signs stating laws and policies (shoplifters will be violated)
62
Specific Deterrence
- Focuses on preventing an individual who has already committed a crime from re-offending.
- It operates on the principle that experiencing punishment firsthand discourages the individual from future deviant acts.
63
Restrictive Deterrence
Doesn’t prevent a person from offending entirely; instead, it changes how they engage in the behavior to reduce their risk of getting caught or punished.
64
Under the biological and physiological explanations of deviance, it was the emergence of ______ and what is known as _______ _______.
Positivism, biological determinism
use of scientific method, scientific explanations of crime and deviance
#bodymademedoit
65
What is Social Darwinism?
Herbert Spencer: applied the concept of evolution to an understanding of history and societies.
The evolution of human societies from “primitive” to “civilized”.
The criminal, the poor, the mentally ill, the less intelligent, those with low morals… would die out.
- Genetic inheritance, eugenics
66
Genetic Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel: was an Austrian-Czech biologist, meteorologist, and mathematician. He is known as the founder of the modern science of genetics.
- His work led to the idea that deviance was inherited and therefore inevitable.
- Not only was it assumed that the fittest would survive but the determining factor in who was fit was genetically predetermined.
67
Eugenics and Theories of Deviance
- Popularized by Social Darwinism
- Some social groups are more evolved than, and therefore biologically superior to, other groups.
- Result: programs & policies to increase reproduction in “superior” groups and decrease reproduction in “inferior” groups.
68
Physiognomy
- Study of facial features
- Personality and behavioural traits
- Criminals said to have beady eyes and shifted noses
69
Phrenology
- Mapped the brain – identified areas related to personality & behaviour
- Would make casts of criminal’s skulls when they died to read them
70
Craniometry
- Classifying human types by brain size and skull measurements
- Focused on the size of somebody’s skull
- If someone’s brain was too big or too small, It was thought to be a sign of deviance
- Hitler was a big fan of this
71
What theory described the criminal as an evolutionary throwback?
The theory of biological atavism. Said to not be as evolved as non-criminals
Lombroso came up with this theory
72
Dr. William Sheldon
Body types (somatotyping)
Believed deviant behaviour could be determined by body types
Mesomorph (would be most deviant):
- Extroverted, aggressive, muscular
Ectomorph:
- Lean, thin, might fret, more extroverted, engage in petty crime
Endomorph:
- Laid back, extroverted, soft and lumpy
*Biological theories fail to consider environmental factors
73
What was the time of dominance, conceptions of deviance, explanation of deviance, and remedies of deviance in the demonic era?
Time: 1400-1700
Conceptions: Evil
Explanations: possession/temptation (weakness), #devilmademedoit
Remedies: exorcism/torture
74
What was the time of dominance, conceptions of deviance, explanation of deviance, and remedies of deviance in the classical era?
Time: 1700-1800
Conceptions: Violation of the social contract (crime)
Explanations: Free will and hedonism
Remedies: Deterrence/Imprisonment (swift, certain, graduated punishment)
75
What was the time of dominance, conceptions of deviance, explanation of deviance, and remedies of deviance in the positivist era?
Time: 1800-1900
Conceptions: Pathology, constitutional inferiority, sickness
Explanations: biological determinism, symptoms of constitutional faults, #bodymademedoit
Remedies: Treatment, separation, elimination
76
How was deviance to be remedied in this era of biological determinism?
Treatment, separation, elimination
77
What is an example of the dark history of eugenics in Canada?
Provincial Training School in Red Deer Alberta
1928 Sterilization Act
- Evaluate and involuntarily sterilize “mental defectives” and “morons” at puberty
Leilani Muir was a Canadian woman who became an important figure in the fight against forced sterilization and for the rights of individuals with disabilities. Muir is best known for her legal battle against the Alberta government after being sterilized without her informed consent under the province’s Eugenics Program.
- Glen Sinclair (victim)
Leonard Jan Le Vann (1915 - 1987) was the medical superintendent at the Alberta Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives.
Act was not repealed until the 1972 – nearly a quarter of a century after involuntary sterilization was labeled a crime against Humanity.
4 278 sterilizations took place
Germany: 400 000 b/w 1933-39
78
Modern biological explanations of deviance
1) XYY male
2) Bell Curve Argument
3) Sociobiology and the Selfish Gene
4) Genetic Loading
79
Freud
- Founder: The Psychoanalytic School of Psychology
- An Austrian Psychiatrist
- Major contributor to the world of the UNCONSCIOUS MIND
80
What are the 3 parts of the human psyche?
ID, Superego, Ego
3 part explanation of the personality
is useful in that it provides a model for how biological & social forces come together in the individual mind.
81
What is the ID?
- The pleasure principle
- The devil on your should
- The part that wants and is greedy.
- The only part of the personality that we are born with.
- Irrational and emotional.
- Houses survival instincts.
- Impulsive.
82
What is the Superego?
- The conscience.
- Angel on your shoulder.
- Holds your morals.
- Let’s you function in society.
- Houses your senses of what is right and wrong.
- Allows us to feel happy and proud, ashamed.
- Demands that the primal urges of the ID are kept in check.
- Keeps us socially appropriate.
83
What is the Ego?
- The reality principle.
- Helps us deal with reality.
- Sits in between the other two.
- Its job is the be the balancing act between the two.
84
How did Freud explain deviance from his theory of the personality? (human psyche)
- A criminal might lack the strength of the EGO or SUPEREGO to suppress the ID
- A saint may have lost their ID entirely
85
What is deviant behaviour according to Freud?
Can be blamed on the ID, the SUPEREGO, the EGO, or some combination there of… and the deviant adaptations that stem from the conflict between the Life and Death instincts.
86
Life Instinct
(Eros or Libido) our instinct for self preservation, social cooperation, & procreation.
87
Death Instinct
(Thanatos) our instinct towards self destructive behaviour, aggression, & risky behaviour
88
are the life and death instinct in constant conflict within the individual?
Yes
89
Social Disorganization perspective
Based on the work of Emile Durkheim
- Is a macro level theory that focuses on larger units of analysis.
- It is a very POSITIVISTIC approach to studying deviance.
- scientific method
- The most dominant perspective in the study of deviance from 1890’s to the mid 1930’s
- Focus: Crime is not simply the result of individual choices. Rather, it is heavily influenced by the social environment, particularly in communities where traditional structures have broken down.
90
Under the social disorganization perspective, what does deviance stem from?
The instability that results from rapid social change.
(Industrialization, immigration, migration, urbanization)
91
what does the failure or breakdown in the social order create?
social pathology (social sickness), which increases cases of crime, alcoholism, murder, vandalism, and suicide.
92
in the social disorganization perspective, where is the focus of deviance?
Social elements.
93
Popular explanations of crime and deviance at the time of the development of Social Disorganization Perspective focused on individuals and certain groups, commonly referred to as ____________________ explanations.
"types of people" explanations
94
Which two theorists developed Social Disorganization Perspective?
Clifford Shaw & Henry McKay
95
What was the key observation that this perspective discovered when it came to crime and deviance in Chicago at the time?
Crime rates remained high in certain neighbourhoods despite changes in the ethnic composition of those communities.
They concluded that crime was liked to neighbourhood characteristics, not the characteristics of individuals or specific ethnic groups.
96
According to the Ecological Approach used, what was determined to be the ”deviant zone”?
The zone in transition
97
What are the causes of structural breakdown according to Social Disorganization?
failure to maintain order, stability, and effective social control in social institutions such as family, schools, & community networks that traditionally help to maintain order & control in a community.
poverty, residential mobility, ethnic heterogeneity.
98
What was some of the important work done at the Chicago School?
- Social disorganization theory
- Ecological mapping approach
- Cultural transmission theory
- social interactionism
Chicago researchers rejected previous
explanations (immigrants) & believed the causes of crime could be found in the structure of the environment.
99
Jane Addams and Hull House
- Instrumental to the development of American sociology
- Work done at Hull House allowed Addams and her colleagues to conduct extensive research on the social issues facing urban populations, particularly regarding poverty, labor conditions, and immigration
- Focus on social reform grounded in the belief that understanding social conditions through firsthand experience was essential for creating effective social policies.
- Employed ethnographic methods in her research, using observation and interaction to understand the lives of the people she aimed to help. This qualitative approach influenced the development of sociological research methods at the Chicago School.
- Contributed to social theory, argued individual well-being is tied to the health of the community.
100
Ecological Approach
Ecological Mapping
- Shaw and McKay
- Study of crime
- Focused on the interaction between people in their environments.
- They looked at how certain zones in urban areas experienced higher levels of crime.
In particular, they focused on the “ZONE IN TRANSITION” (Zone 2, most vulnerable and most deviant)
- ”Invasion” into established areas can cause “disruption”.
101
Informal Social Control (in social disorganization theory)
- The ability of communities to regulate behaviour through social bonds and community engagement.
- In disordered communities, these bonds are weak(er), leading to less oversight and more opportunities for deviant behaviour to flourish.
102
Cultural Transmission of Deviance
- Norms around crime and deviance become embedded in the culture and passed from generation to generation, as youth often grow up exposed to criminal behaviour as a norm.
103
When you are only in a neighbourhood for as long as it takes to get out of it, your commitment to solving the social problems that characterize it is called ___ ____?
Low Integration
104
when you have no desire to know your neighbours because you’re focused on getting out, you become a community with very low levels of ______________________.
Regulation
105
What are modern applications of the social disorganization perspective?
Crime prevention programs
- All of which help to rebuild informal social controls that reduce crime
Urban development
- All of which can help to rebuild social control and lower crime
106
Criticisms of the social disorganization perspective
1. An overemphasis on place
- While environment is important, people will still make choices
2. Social and Cultural Factors
- Not giving enough credit in this theory for systematic inequality, race, and structural racism that have an impact as well
3. Shift in Crime Trends
- This theory maybe has lagged behind the rapid technological change. Doesn’t account for white collar crime and cybercrime that are less tied to place or geography
107
Emile Durkheim
- Saw society as an organism that could adapt to environments and evolve over
time – from simple to more complex forms.
- Deviance was either a natural part of the organism or a pathology of that organism
- Social Disorganization is based on the work of Emile Durkheim.
- He is the founding father of functionalism and was influenced by the work of Charles Darwin.
108
What are two states that lead to higher rates of suicide, mental illness, and crime?
Anomie and egoism
109
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Durkheim believed that what constituted deviance depended on where society was in terms of its development (in the evolution).
- Early societies were simple - people shared a COMMON CONSCIOUS & were held together by MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY.
- Mechanical solidarity transforms into ORGANIC SOLIDARITY- when societies become more complex.
110
How did Durkheim view the evolution of society?
Evolution of society is a good thing but change that happens too rapidly creates the conditions for social pathology.
111
Egoism
A lack of integration by the group
Low regulation refers to a lack of established norms, rules, and social controls that guide behavior and maintain order within a community.
112
Anomie
A lack of regulation in the group
Individuals within a community have weak social bonds, minimal connections, and a lack of involvement with one another
113
Classical Period
- Slow and contested change in thinking
- From supernatural beliefs about deviance to the notion of deviance as a rational calculation (the deviant is a rational actor).
- Modern jurisprudence
- Non-conformists were viewed as selfish
- Challenged the predominant religious space of the previous period
114
Contributing factors to the witch craze
* Set off the ground by the Roman Catholic Inquisition
Malleus Maleficarum (Book)
* Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger were instrumental in the start of witch hunting
115
The Witch Craze
* Women were healers in their communities. It was their job to heal and it was respected.
* Prior to C.E. 1000: Those who practiced witchcraft were tolerated, misunderstood, respected at times, and viewed suspiciously at times.
- Church cannon law: witches were deluded
* Between C.E. 1000 and 1480: Witches were redefined as agents of the devil rather than harmless and misunderstood. These are the seeds of the witch hunt. Accused of things like incest, sex orgies, etc. Very contested but real conspiracy that had an impact on many women’s lives. Seen as symptomatic of the rise of the Monotheistic world view.
116
Thinkers of the Enlightenment
- Viewed deviance as behaviour that eroded the greater good of society
- Torture was now seen as futile – not a means for salvation
- Deterrence was emerging as the new way to control deviance
- Man holding a bomb: “it’s fake, but I’ve never been mugged”
- They wanted swift punishment for non-conforming behaviour
- Make crime non-inviting, make it pay to be conforming
- Punishments should not be cruel, rather punishments should fit the crime
- The individual should have a right to a fair trial
- These were all seeded during the classical area
117
