Test #1

Question 1

What are the requirements for disease transmission?

Answer 1

Diseased animal(s) and susceptible animal(s). shedding a pathogen to another host that is
susceptible (right species)

Question 2

Why is it important to know the methods of disease transmission?

Answer 2

It is important for implementing proper prevention and control measures.

Question 3

What are the mechanisms of disease transmission?

Answer 3

exclusive or nonexclusive = different ways of transmission, Several avenues including other animals, environment (soil), equipment, insects (mobile transmission), contaminated feed or water, etc.

Question 4

Are the types of disease transmission mutually exclusive?

Answer 4

No, some diseases can be transmitted in more than one way.

Question 5

What are the types of anthrax transmission?

Answer 5

Direct contact to cut in skin (Cutaneous Anthrax)
Inhalation of airborne spores (Inhalation Anthrax)
Ingestion of spores (Gastrointestinal Anthrax)
same origin and pathogen but different transmission -> different type of disease

Question 6

What is direct transmission?

Answer 6

Requires physical contact between an infected animal and a susceptible animal, and the physical transfer of microorganisms.

Question 7

What are examples of direct transmission?

Answer 7

Direct touch, sexual contact, bite, contact with oral secretions, contact with body lesions. ex rabies

Question 8

What is indirect contact transmission?

Answer 8

Infection from contact with a contaminated surface. microorganism must survive on inanimate object for a long time till it can contact a susceptible animal, ex. parvo

Question 9

What is droplet contact transmission?

Answer 9

Infected droplets contact the surfaces of the eye, nose, or mouth of susceptible animals. can travel feet, can’t dry out or the pathogen can die

Question 10

What is airborne transmission?

Answer 10

Droplet nuclei or dust particles containing microorganisms can remain suspended in air for long periods of time. pathogen dry out and survive, catch wind current and travel couple of miles

Question 11

What is fecal-oral transmission?

Answer 11

Microorganisms enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food and water.

Question 12

What is urinary transmission?

Answer 12

Microorganisms enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food and water, usually associated with the urinary system.
ex lepto

Question 13

What is vector-borne transmission?

Answer 13

Vectors are animals capable of transmitting diseases, such as mosquitoes and ticks. adds another dimension to disease transmission, instead of controlling just the microorganism we have to control the vectors

Question 14

How does vector behavior affect disease transmission?

Answer 14

Changes in vector behavior will affect the transmission pattern of a disease.

Question 15

What are fomites?

Answer 15

Inanimate objects capable of carrying microorganisms. inanimate object, not live organism, table, floor, contaminated

Question 16

What is biosecurity?

Answer 16

Steps taken in reducing the risk of introducing disease from outside sources, reduce likelihood of getting disease, keeping things out

Question 17

What is biocontainment?

Answer 17

Steps taken in mitigating and reducing the spread of disease already present on an operation, controlling endemics, already spreading in, keeping things in

Question 18

What are some steps for biosecurity?

Answer 18

Prevent entry of disease into herd (biosecurity) , prevent movement of disease within herd (biocontainment) , prevent export of disease from herd (biosecurity)

Question 19

What factors increase the chance of introducing disease?

Answer 19

Current diseases in the herd, common area diseases, risk from replacement animals, what’s regional what diseases are in the area, bring in through contact, bring in disease through feed, how much money willing to spend/ risk willing to take

Question 20

What is the pre-patent period?

Answer 20

The period of time between pathogen exposure/infection and signs of disease, quarantine for 30-45 days to cover most common diseases
can take days, weeks, even years!!

Question 21

What are some control measures within a herd?

Answer 21

Maintain a closed herd, vaccinate against common diseases, isolate sick animals., closed = raise own animals, control what you bring in/ vaccinate all herd, purchased animals, or bring animals to 4h show = can quarantine or isolate

Question 22

What is quarantine?

Answer 22

Physical separation of animals from the rest of the group to prevent direct contact, can be new animal, can be sick, could have traveled, can reduce risk of transmission

Question 23

What are some pest control measures?

Answer 23

Insect control, rodent control, bird control, wildlife control, pets

Question 24

What visitor protocols should be followed?

Answer 24

Minimize visitors, ensure clean hands and clothing, and limit direct contact with animals, do not allow foreign visitors on farm until they have been in the country for 5 days

Question 25

What vehicle protocols should be implemented?

Answer 25

Develop outside vehicle flow patterns and require clean trucks for loading to decrease transmission of disease

Question 26

What are some sources of disease?

Answer 26

Handling deadstock, which can be disposed of in several ways

Question 27

What should be included in an employee biosecurity plan?

Answer 27

A written plan, workflow pattern, and ensuring understanding and compliance.

Question 28

What is zoonosis?

Answer 28

Livestock transmitting disease to people, could transmit disease to people that are more immune compromised

Question 29

What are additional biosecurity requirements?

Answer 29

Perimeter security fencing, disinfect footwear, provide disposable boots and gloves, shower-in/shower-out, no off-premise movement of animals, On-premise composting of dead animals, Vehicle tire baths, On-farm truck wash

Question 30

What is the justification for biosecurity?

Answer 30

1. Enhance/maintain profitability of the operation 2. Pre-harvest food safety programs required by packers/retailers 3. Continued consumer acceptance of product 4. Possible economic penalties in the future 5. Survival in case of bioterrorism

Question 31

What is a practical biosecurity measure for animal movements?

Answer 31

Avoid commingling of animals from different sources, ex. Sales, exhibitions, shows, rodeos etc. Commingling of animals from different sources = Very high risk, groups of animals from different operations = higher risk of disease transmission

Question 32

exclusive biosecurity

Answer 32

focuses on strict, complete exclusion of risks, preventing any potential disease sources from entering or interacting with the population.

Question 33

nonexclusive biosecurity

Answer 33

more flexible approach, managing or mitigating risks without completely excluding all potential threats, allowing for some controlled interactions or exposures.

Question 34

vector

Answer 34

insects, live living animal that picks up disease from host and carry it to another susceptible host

Question 35

vector

Answer 35

live living animal that picks up disease from host and carry it to another susceptible host

Question 36

transmission risk

Answer 36

Factors that increase (or decrease) chance of introducing disease ex. SMALL ANIMAL SWAP MEET = high risk transmission, increasing chance of introducing disease

Question 37

diagnostic program

Answer 37

run to see if pathogens are present currently

Question 38

controlling entry

Answer 38

accidental introduction to pathogen, Intentional introduction (Bioterrorism) Bioterrorism: Reduce accessibility, Reduce visibility

Question 39

potential disease problems on a cow-calf op

Answer 39

Brucellosis IBR BVD Vibrio Trichomoniasis Leukosis Anaplasmosis Johnes Disease

Question 40

replacements

Answer 40

raised or purchased, new animal introduction increases transmission risk

Question 41

what is the risk of transmission from least to greatest for replacement animals of the following 1. dealers 2. tested herds 3. auctions 4. non-tested herds

Answer 41

2. 4. 1. 3. 2. low risk 4. non tested but could be well managed or know seller 3. don't know where it came from 4. high risk

Question 42

how can unwanted visitors be controlled

Answer 42

unwanted visitors = pests, vectors people ( cattle thieves) -> Security lights Gates Padlocks on gates

Question 43

clean and dirty tasks

Answer 43

handling feed (clean) manure/deadstock (dirty) ex. cleaning skid steer after hauling manure to feeding animals can transmit disease if not cleaned and disinfected properly

Question 44

physical security

Answer 44

Ensure feed, water, inventory areas are protected from tampering or even sabotage Lock certain areas Fuel Machinery/equipment Pharmaceuticals Feed additives Hazardous materials

Question 45

buffer zone

Answer 45

reduce access points, visual barriers (ex. trees blocking view)

Question 46

what is important during animal movements?

Answer 46

1. (before) ensure that the animal is up to date on vaccines for risk level 2. Never take an unhealthy animal to a sale/show/rodeo 3. Clean and disinfect equipment prior to departure ex. dog boarding

Question 47

what can you do to prevent transmission of disease before/during taking your animal to groups of animals from different operations?

Answer 47

During: 1. Do not share feed, water tubs, grooming supplies 2. Tie animals to avoid nose to nose contact 3. Avoid contact with animals other than your own 4. Monitor animals closely for disease 5. Keep area/equipment clean After: 1. Isolate animals taken to an event from the rest of the herd 2. Prevent direct contact/shared water/shared feed bunk etc 3. Clean and disinfect all equipment 4. Monitor closely for illness 5.Handle these animals after the home herd

Question 48

What is biocontainment?

Answer 48

A strategy to prevent the spread of disease among animals ## Footnote Biocontainment includes measures to isolate sick animals and manage their care effectively.

Question 49

What are key components of animal health strategies?

Answer 49

Vaccination/treatment protocols, management of sick animals, water/feed management ## Footnote These strategies aim to maintain overall herd health and prevent disease outbreaks.

Question 50

What is the purpose of a herd health program?

Answer 50

Boost immunity and decrease risk of disease. ## Footnote A herd health program includes regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring of animal health.

Question 51

Why is it important to work with a veterinarian?

Answer 51

To monitor disease, record increases in morbidity and mortality, and identify strange/unknown disease symptoms ## Footnote Regular veterinary involvement is crucial for maintaining animal health and preventing outbreaks.

Question 52

What tools are crucial for animal health product administration?

Answer 52

Syringes, implant guns, changing needles, sanitizing/cleaning equipment ## Footnote Proper maintenance of these tools decreases the spread of disease from one animal to another.

Question 53

What risks do sick animals pose in a hospital management setting?

Answer 53

Sick animals can spread disease to naïve animals ## Footnote This commonly happens in sick pens or through shared resources.

Question 54

What should be done with sick animals after treatment?

Answer 54

They should not be commingled with other animals and should return to their existing pen ## Footnote This practice helps prevent the spread of disease.

Question 55

What precautions should be taken for young, stressed, or immunocompromised animals?

Answer 55

They should be run through a clean system prior to sick or older animals ## Footnote This helps prevent illness from contaminated facilities.

Question 56

What is the role of biosecurity in animal health?

Answer 56

To prevent transmission of disease ## Footnote Biosecurity measures are essential in controlling outbreaks and protecting animal populations.