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test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes called?

A

Psychology

Psychology encompasses both overt (observable) and covert (unobservable) behaviours.

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2
Q

What does forensic psychology deal with?

A

All aspects of human behaviour as it relates to the law or legal system.

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3
Q

Who conducted early experiments on eyewitness testimony?

A

James Cattell.

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4
Q

What did Alfred Binet demonstrate about children’s testimony?

A

Children’s testimony is highly susceptible to suggestive questioning techniques.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The term used to refer to the process where people confuse actual memories of events described by the media is called ______.

A

retroactive memory falsification.

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6
Q

Which theory suggests that crime is a product of an individual’s body build linked to temperament?

A

Constitutional theory.

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7
Q

What are the three body types proposed by the constitutional theory?

A
  • Endomorphs (obese) - jolly
  • Ectomorphs (thin) - introverted
  • Mesomorphs (muscular) - bold
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8
Q

What does the strain theory propose about crime?

A

Crime is largely a product of the strain felt by individuals with restricted access to legitimate means of achieving success.

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9
Q

True or False: The labelling theory posits that deviance is inherent to an act.

A

False.

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10
Q

What is the role of a forensic psychologist from a clinical perspective?

A

Assessment and treatment of mental health issues as they pertain to the law and legal system.

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11
Q

What does criminal profiling aim to identify?

A

Major personality and behavioural characteristics of an individual based on an analysis of the crimes committed.

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12
Q

What are the two types of criminal profiling methods?

A
  • Deductive criminal profiling
  • Inductive criminal profiling
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13
Q

What is the organized-disorganized model in criminal profiling?

A

It categorizes crime and an offender’s background as organized (methodical) or disorganized (psychopathology).

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14
Q

What are characteristics of organized behaviour?

A
  • Planned offence
  • Use of restraint on victims
  • High intelligence
  • Lives with partner
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15
Q

What is the PEACE model in police interrogations?

A

Planning, preparation, engage, explain, account, closure, evaluation.

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16
Q

What is a false confession?

A

A confession that is either intentionally fabricated or not based on actual knowledge of the facts.

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17
Q

What does the Reid model of interrogation rely on?

A

Psychological coercion to extract confessions.

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18
Q

What is the main criticism of the Reid model?

A

Little research evidence to support accurate lie detection.

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19
Q

What does the term ‘minimization techniques’ refer to in police interrogations?

A

Soft shell tactics designed to lull the suspect into a false sense of security.

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20
Q

What is a polygraph?

A

A device for recording an individual’s autonomic nervous system responses.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The type of polygraph test that includes irrelevant questions is called ______.

A

Comparison Question Test (CQT).

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22
Q

What is the assumption behind the Comparison Question Test (CQT)?

A

It can detect deception by comparing reactions to relevant and comparison questions.

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23
Q

What is a retracted confession?

A

A confession that the confessor later declares to be false.

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24
Q

What are the physiological responses measured during a lie?

A
  • Breathing
  • Sweat
  • Heart rate
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25
True or False: Polygraph evidence is admissible in Canadian courts.
False.
26
What are the three possible outcomes of the Comparison Question Test (CQT)?
* Truthful * Deceptive * Inconclusive
27
What does QT stand for in deception detection?
Questioning Technique ## Footnote QT can detect deception by comparing reactions to relevant and comparison questions.
28
In the CQT, how do innocent and guilty individuals typically react to questions?
Innocent react more strongly to comparison questions; guilty react more strongly to relevant questions.
29
What are the three possible outcomes of the CQT?
* Truthful * Deceptive * Inconclusive
30
What is the truth-bias?
The tendency of people to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive.
31
What is a common problem with the CQT?
False-positive errors.
32
What percentage of guilty suspects are correctly classified as guilty using CQT?
84% to 92%.
33
What percentage of innocent suspects are correctly classified as innocent using CQT?
55% to 78%.
34
What is the range of innocent suspects falsely identified as guilty?
9% to 24%.
35
What does the Concealed Information Test (CIT) aim to determine?
If the person knows details about a crime.
36
What assumption does the CIT make about reactions to information?
People will react more strongly to information they recognize as distinctive/important.
37
What is the effectiveness of CIT in identifying innocent suspects?
Up to 95% accuracy.
38
What is the effectiveness of CIT in identifying guilty suspects?
76% to 85% accuracy.
39
What types of things do people typically lie about?
* Opinions * Feelings * Achievements * Reasons for doing something * Possessions
40
What are some indicators of deception?
* Verbal cues * Nonverbal cues * Speech fillers * Gaze aversion * Speech errors * Frequency of smiling * Pitch changes * Fidgeting * Rate of speech changes * Gestures * Pauses in speech * Movements
41
What is the accuracy of detecting deception for professionals versus non-professionals?
* Professionals: 55.5% accuracy * Non-professionals: 54.2% accuracy
42
Which group has a higher accuracy in detecting deception?
US Secret Service agents (64% accuracy).
43
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
Critical for memory formation.
44
What happens if consolidation and/or reconsolidation of memory is interrupted?
Memory is altered.
45
What is amnesia?
Memory loss from brain injury or trauma.
46
What type of amnesia refers to the loss of old memories?
Retrograde amnesia.
47
What type of amnesia refers to the loss of new memories?
Anterograde amnesia.
48
What is childhood amnesia?
Inability of most adults to recall episodic memory from early childhood or infancy.
49
What is Alzheimer's disease characterized by?
Progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss.
50
How does stress affect memory formation?
Cortisol has an adverse effect on episodic memory formation.
51
What are the stages of eyewitness testimony?
* Perception/attention stage * Encoding stage * Short term memory * Long term memory * Retrieval stage
52
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
* Recall: reporting details of a previously witnessed event * Recognition: determining if a previously seen item or person is the same as currently viewed
53
What is the problem with traditional police interviews with eyewitnesses?
Witnesses are often interrupted and asked specific questions.
54
What is the Enhanced Cognitive Interview?
An interview procedure for eyewitnesses based on principles of memory storage and retrieval.
55
What is a fair lineup?
A lineup where the suspect does not stand out from the other lineup members.
56
What is a simultaneous lineup?
A lineup procedure that presents all members at once.
57
What is a sequential lineup?
Witness must identify the perpetrator before seeing another suspect.
58
What is a showup?
Showing one person to identify, often used for deathbed identifications.
59
What is a biased lineup?
Suggests who police suspect and who the witness should identify.
60
What is the own-race bias?
Witnesses are better at identifying members of their own race.
61
What is the weapon focus effect?
Witnesses pay more attention to unusual items like weapons.
62
What are foils in a lineup?
Lineup members who are known to be innocent of the crime.
63
What is a biased lineup's effect on witness identification?
Can lead to false identifications.

forensic psychology (2 decks)

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