Test 1

Question 1

Plato
Unattainable level of perfection
Universe = perfectly created; static
“ideal state” = reality

Answer 1

Idealism

Question 2

Liebniz

Groups of species transformed after descent from a common ancestor

Answer 2

“Nature makes no leaps”

Question 3

Aristotle
(Great Chain of Being)
Recognized homologies (similarities) among organisms
Introduced teleology
Development of embryo guided to some great purpose and traits integrated into the whole
Argues against “progress”

Answer 3

Scala Naturae

Question 4

Essentialist Species Concept

Groups of organisms united, based on their essence (morphologies)

Answer 4

John Ray

Question 5

Knowledge of God based on observed facts and experience apart from divine revelation

Answer 5

Natural Theology

Question 6

Deduction in science

General to specific

Answer 6

Hypothetico-deductive Method

Question 7

Deme

Answer 7

Population size

Question 8

Change in allele/genotype frequencies over time in a population

Answer 8

Microevolution

Question 9

Ancestral trait

Answer 9

Plesiomorphy

Question 10

Derived Trait

Answer 10

Apomorphy

Question 11

Who identified the Galapagos finches?

Answer 11

John Gould

Question 12

Cuvier: sudden upheavals, earthquakes, floods, and glaciation accounted for not only all fossils but also all geological formations
-Provided evidence for ideas of extinction
Agassiz: ascribed each catastrophe to divine intervention followed by a “special divine creation”

Answer 12

Catostrophism

Question 13

Study of the household
1867 by Haeckl
That which is external to the organism
Think of it as a pursuit of the human mind
Oldest of the sciences
Think of it as a pursuit of the human mind
Oldest of the sciences

Answer 13

Ecology

Question 14

Buffon and Lamarck
Gradual, natural processes observable today could be used to explain the development of all geological features and that the rate of these processes was no greater in past than it is today
Hutton and Lyell
Inferred that in order to explain present-day geological features such as sedimentary rock strata
Lamarck – used the same reasoning to account for gradual species transformations
English Lord Kelvin – solved this dilemma by providing proof from physics that the earth was indeed >100 million years old

Answer 14

Uniformitarianism

Question 15

The doctrine of design and purpose in the material world.

Answer 15

Teleology

Question 16

Decays more slowly for loci that are linked; very tight linkages may hold disequilibrium indefinitely

Answer 16

Gametic/Linkage Disequilibrium

Question 17

Shared, derived character state; used to unite lineages into a clade

Answer 17

Synapomorphy

Question 18

An organism or species that has two sets of chromosomes because of hybridization and chromosome doubling

Answer 18

Allypolyploidy

Question 19

Correspondence between parts or organs acquired as the result of parallel evolution or convergence; a character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor

Answer 19

Homoplasy

Question 20

Branching evolution involving the splitting and divergence of a lineage into two or more lineages

Answer 20

Cladogenesis

Question 21

Evolution within a single lineage (usually a species) as opposed to cladogenesis where a group (species) diverges into two or more branches

Answer 21

Anagenesis

Question 22

Gregor Mendel
Characteristics can be passed from generation to generation through “discrete particles” (now known as genes). These particles can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing in a descending generation
Establishes that this and segregation of Hereditary Factors in gametogenesis

Answer 22

Particulate Inheritance

Question 23

No evolution at locus
No change in allele genotypic frequencies
All frequencies in _______ proportions after 1 gen. random mating

Answer 23

HW Principle

Question 24

No selection against A1 or A2
No gene flow
Random mating in a large population

Answer 24

HW Assumptions

Question 25

Becoming monomorphic as a result of inbreeding

Answer 25

Inbreeding Depression

Question 26

Mating between genetically related individuals; increase in homozygosity in offspring

Answer 26

Inbreeding

Question 27

Transcriptional sequence of 180 base pairs that unite genes known as HOX genes Sequence codes along the body (ex: flies)

Answer 27

Homeobox

Question 28

Ontogeny (development of an individual) is a short rapid recapitulation of phylogeny (the ancestral sequence)... The organic individual repeats during the most important of the form -- change which its ancestors traversed during the slow protracted course of their paleontological evolution according to the laws of heredity and adaptation

Answer 28

Haeckl’s “Biogenetic Law"

Question 29

A taxonomic grouping which includes some descendants of a single common ancestor, but not all

Answer 29

Paraphyly

Question 30

The presumed derivation of a single taxonomic group from two or more different ancestral lineages through convergent or parallel evolution

Answer 30

Polyphyly

Question 31

A taxonomic group united by having arisen from a single ancestral lineage

Answer 31

Monophyly

Question 32

Gene loci in different species that are sufficiently similar in their nucleotide sequences (or amino acid sequences of their protein products) to suggest they originated from a common ancestral gene

Answer 32

Orthologous

Question 33

Two or more different gene loci in the same organism that are sufficiently similar in their nucleotide sequences ( or in the amino acid sequences or their protein products) to indicate they originated from one or more duplications of a common ancestral gene

Answer 33

Paralogous

Question 34

Pollutants or other toxic compounds may be gained through eating something within the food chain, the concentration of these toxic compounds tends to increase

Answer 34

Bio-magnification

Question 35

- The rate at which nucleotides are substituted over evolutionary time - X number of (neutral) nucleotide substitutions for every million years of evolution.

Answer 35

Molecular Clock

Question 36

The view that evolution of a lineage follows a pattern of long intervals in which there is relatively little change (statis or equilibrium), punctuated by short bursts of speciation during which a new taxa arise

Answer 36

Punctuated Equilibrium

Question 37

Theory that explains the origin of a new species or higher taxonomic category by a single large mutation rather than by selection acting on many mutations. Although most geneticists agree that mutations can produce major as well as minor developmental changes, no single mutation is yet known that can cause an instantaneous speciation event, probably because such a sudden large radical change would dislocate normal genetic and developmental processes.

Answer 37

Macromutationist

Question 38

A composite of all the forces that cause differential survival and differential reproduction among genetic variants. When the selective agencies are primarily those of human choice, the process is called artificial selection; when the selective agencies are not those of human choice, it is called natural selection. Although evolutionary biologists recognize other factors that contribute to genetic change, and , therefore, to evolution (e.g. mutation, genetic drift), selection remains the most commonly accepted cause to account for organismal adaptive features. however, selection does not have the foresight nor can development supply the means to enable a single population to face every eventuality; that is, although selection is a cause for evolutionary change, the amount and direction of change is limited by an organism's past history

Answer 38

Selectionist

Question 39

Who are the contributors to NeoDarwinism?

Answer 39

R.A. Fisher, E.B Ford and H.B.D Kettlewell

Question 40

The founding of modern population genetics, by mathematically reconciling Mendelian Genetics with Darwinian Selection. The theory of evolution as a change in the frequencies of genes introduced by mutation, with natural selection as the most important, although not the only, cause for such changes.

Answer 40

NeoDarwinian Synthesis

Question 41

Germ Plasm Theory

Answer 41

Weismann

Question 42

Darwin More individuals are produced each generation than can survive. Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable. Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive. When reproductive isolation occurs new species will form

Answer 42

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Question 43

Nominated Darwin Beagle Naturalist

Answer 43

John Henslow

Question 44

Darwin (summary of Darwinian Evolution by Natural selection) -many more offspring are produced in each population each generation than can survive, so there is competition among offspring for limited resources

Answer 44

Competition among offspring

Question 45

Buffon | Species are true biological units that have descended with modification from a common ancestor

Answer 45

Biological Species Concept

Question 46

Descartes From imperfect to perfect (______) ______ left gaps

Answer 46

Progress; Extinction

Question 47

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck first to propose a mechanism for evolution adaptation relied on two assumptions: 1. principle of use and disuse- organs could atrophy or hypertrophy, based on their need or usefulness 2. these anatomical changes were passed on to progeny via inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Answer 47

Arbitrary species; Evolution by adaption

Question 48

Who disproved spontaneous generation?

Answer 48

Pasteur and Tyndall