Test 3 Vocabulary Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Purpose of the Nitrogen cycle?
A
Convert N to a usable form
2
Q
This step of the N cycle converts N2 —> Ammonia and nitrates
A
Fixation
3
Q
During this step of the N cycle, bacteria and fungi break proteins in dead plant/animal material down to amino acids
A
Mineralization/Ammonification
4
Q
During this step of the N cycle, ammonia is oxidized to nitrate and nitrite
A
Nitrification
5
Q
During this step of the N cycle, nitrates are reduced to N2 by organisms for oxygen
A
Dentrification
6
Q
Name the correct order of steps for the nitrogen cycle
A
Fixation —> Mineralization/Ammonification —> Nitrification —> Dentrification
7
Q
In the Phosphorus cycle, what does POP stand for?
A
Particulate Organic Phosphorus
8
Q
In the Phosphorus cycle, what does DIP stand for?
A
Dissolved Organic Phosphorus
9
Q
In the Phosphorus cycle, what does DOP stand for?
A
Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus
10
Q
Relative allocation of resources to survival and reproduction, and details of timing
A
Life History
11
Q
Distribution vs. Dispersion
A
Pattern of individuals on the landscape
12
Q
Statistical model that predicts random dispersion
A
Poisson Distribution
13
Q
Highly determinate; individual and unbranched, motile; reproduce sexually
A
Unitary Organism
14
Q
Indeterminate; branched; sessile; reproduce vegetatively/asexually [hard to determine the individual]
A
Modular Organism
15
Q
Genet
A
A genetic individual [such as grass]
16
Q
Example of a Ramet
A
Individual stem/trunk
17
Q
Reproduces only once per lifetime [annuals, biennials, indeterminate, continuous]
A
Semelparity
18
Q
Reproduce 2+ per lifetime [overlapping, continuous]
A
Iteroparity
19
Q
What is cultural eutriphication? Give a fresh and salt water example.
A
When man speeds up the process of enrichment and eventually causes the area to become a dead zone Salt - the Gulf of Mexico has a dead zone as a result of agriculture near the Mississippi; as it rains, everything in the fields washes off and travels to the ocean Fresh - adding phosphate rich fertilizer to a river causes an algal boom (using all the CO2); when the algae die, microorganisms decompose the dead algae and deplete all oxygen in the river, causing a dead zone
20
Q
What is the N:P ratio in a saltwater environment? In fresh water?
A
1:8, 1:23
21
Q
In reference to Tilman, define a ZGI and what it stands for.
A
Zero Growth Incline - the minimum amount of a resource the organism needs to survive
22
Q
Which Tilman graph is this? State its significance.
A
Essential. The species gets an essential amount of nutrients but will need more of the other nutrient for a more balanced diet.
23
Q
Which Tilman graph is this? State its significance.
A
Antagonistic. It would be better for the organism to eat either one resource or another because it would be detrimental to eat both.
24
Q
Which Tilman graph is this? State its significance.
A
Perfectly Substitutable. Either resource is fine and can be substituted in equal amounts.
25
Which Tilman graph is this? State its significance.
Complementary. Equal amounts of each resource is optimal (better than eating one or the other).
26
Which Tilman graph is this? State its significance.
Inhibitory. The organism has to eat both resources in order to receive the benefit, but too much or too little of the resources will be detrimental.
27
What is the Primary Production (PP) formula? Name each variable and its significance.
NPP = GPP - R
NPP - Net Primary Production: the rate at which all plants in the ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy
GPP - Gross Primary Production: the rate at which photosynthesis or chemosynthesis occurs
R - Respiration
28
The points on a graph where the photosynthesis rate matches respiration (CO2 = O2)
Compensation points
29
What type of plant is this: uses Rubisco to assimilate CO2 and is subject to photorespiration (accepts O2 as an alternate - "competitive inhibition")
C3 Shade
30
What type of plant is this: uses PEP to assimilate; one of them uses the light gradient in a different way (like cacti)
C4 and CAM Shade plants
31
What's the difference between strategies and tactics?
Strategies are genetic and tactics are developmental
32
The ______ \_\_\_\_\_ is 2 cal/cm2/min. It is the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ (ISR) which is absorbed/reflected/transmitted.
solar constant; incident solar radiation
33
What does a forest canopy produce?
A resource depletion zone
34
What does LAI stand for and what is its formula?
Leaf Area Index
(Total surface area
----------------------------------------
Ground area)
35
What are the two types of phototaxis and what type of organisms do they refer to respectively?
- topic : autotrauphs
- phobic : heterotrophs
36
Phototrophism is when plants grow _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. _________ (which are photophobic) increase the rate of growth.
towards light; Auxins
37
What two biological cycles are affected by photoperiodism? Whats the difference between them?
Circadian and Circannual;
daily, yearly
38
These affect both circadian and circannual rhythms. They are free running and internally generated.
Endogenous Rhythms
39
This \*thing\* resets the fastest running clock at the end of the rhythm. It has day/night seasonal cycles with threshold responses.
Exogenous Cycles
40
This process:
Pigment molecule ---\> Neuron ---\> Brain
describes what process?
Photoperiod detection of exogenous cues
41
This plant flowers when nights reach a threshold length (and longer). What type of day (long or short) is this and what season is it in?
Short day, late summer/fall
42
This plant flowers when nights become shorter (beyond threshold). What type of day (long or short) is this and what season is it in?
Long day, spring
43
What does Pr stand for and when is it dominate?
The r stands for red light, dominate at night
44
What does Pfr stand for ad when is it dominate?
far-red light, dominate during the day
45
Label the Pr-Pfr diagram
46
How do you calculate density?
Population size over the unit area
47
What is the difference between calculating crude and ecological density?
Crude - population over total unit area
Ecological - population over total HABITABLE unit area
48
Population ecology is the study of:
- \_\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ of organisms
- Rates of _____ of N or \_\_\_\_\_\_
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ histories
- Demography (age, sex-\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_-dependent rates of fecundity/\_\_\_\_\_\_)
Dispersion, abundance
growth, biomes
Life
structure, sex, mortality
49
What are the three types of distribution? Which one serves as the null hypothesis? Which one is hyperdispersed?
Random, clumped, and uniform
Random
Uniform
50
What is the formula for the Coefficient of Distribution (CD)?
Variance/Mean
51
What graph is used when:
CD = 1
CD \> 1
CD \< 1
Random
Clumped
Uniform
52
What are the two kinds of organisms?
Unitary and modular
53
Name at least three characteristics of a unitary organism.
Highly determinate form
Individual
Unbranched
Motile
Sexually reproductive
54
Name at least three characteristics of a modular organism.
Indeterminate form
Branched
Sessile
Asexually/Vegetatively reproduced
\*Hard to determine the individual
55
What's the difference between a genet and a ramet?
Genets are the organism as a whole, but ramets are each individual part of the organism
56
This \*thing\* is a biological or evolutionary unit, you can take random samples from it
Population
57
What are the two models for estimating population growth rates?
Discrete-time and continuous-time
58
What is the original equation for the discrete-time model? What are its general and alternate forms? Define all variables.
Nt+1 = Nt + B - D + I - E
B=birth, D=death, I=immigration, E=emmigration
General: Nt = lambda^t(No)
lambda=Population replacement
Alternate: Nt = (e^(rt))No
r=Population replacement (or intrinsic per capita rate of increase)
59
For lambda, when is the population stable? For r?
1, 0
60
What is dN/dt = rN used for? What type of growth occurs?
The continuous-time model
Exponential
61
What type of growth occurs with the discrete-time model?
Geometric
62
Which of the three formulas do we actually use for the discrete time model?
Alternate
63
What are the two types of life tables?
Dynamic and static
64
This life table is also known as a cohort or horizontal
Dynamic
65
This life table is also known as time-specific, or vertical. Also as a "death cohort"
Static
66
What formula is used to estimate per-capita growth rate?
What are the variables?
T - average maternal age or generation length
lambda - population replacement
67
How do you solve for T in a life table?
The sum of all x lxmx's divided by the sum of all lxmx's
68
How do you calculate r in a life table? What do the variables represent?
Fecundity divided by timing
Net reproductive rate over mean generation length
69
Which equation do you use when checking for doubling time?
ln2/r = T
70
What are the allometric variables of the life table?
Life history
Reproductive
Physiological rate
71
What type or mortality curve shows juvenile mortality?
J-shaped
72
Label the survivorship curves and explain them.
Type 1 - life expectancy declines with age (the longer they live the less likely they are to survive)
Type 2 - life expectancy remains constant with age
Type 3 - life expectancy increases with age (because they die young, the older they are the longer they are expected to live)
73
Match these life table variables with their formulas and meanings
74
Which age pyramid does the following information represent?
(prediction) dN/dt = 0
(replacement rate) Ro = 1.0
(fertility) = 2.0
Average
75
Which age pyramid does the following information represent?
(prediction) dN/dt \> 0
(replacement rate) Ro \< 1.0
(fertility) \< 2.0
Bottom heavy
76
Which age pyramid does the following information represent?
(prediction) dN/dt \< 0
(replacement rate) Ro \> 1.0
(fertility) \> 2.0
Top heavy
77
What are the three sections (top to bottom) of the three kinds of age pyramids?
Post-reproduction
Reproductive
Pre-reproduction
78
Here are reproductive terms: survival, recruitment, fecundity, fertility, natality
Place them according to these examples:
1000 ova released
950 fertilized
ortality lowers the 950 to 750
550 are alive in october
400 alive by winter
Fecundity
Fertility
Natality
Survival
Recruitment
79
What are the types of a semalparity life cycle?
Annual/Ephmeral
Biennial
Indeterminate
Continuous
80
What are the types of iteroparity life cycles?
Overlapping
Continuous
81
The factors that affect Ro (\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_) and Biotic Potential (\_\_\_\_) include:
1. Age at first _____ (This affects variable \_\_\_)
2. Frequency of ______ (# _____ per year)
3. Brood size
4. Length of _____ life (for whattype of organism?)
5. Survival of young; parents contribute
a) ______ investment (bigger eggs, longer gestation -----\> larger offspring)
b) Parental care (feeding and \_\_\_\_\_)
reproductive rate
r
reproduction
T
reproduction; litters
reproductive
Metabolic
protection
82
What does density estimation usually assess?
A sampling population
83
When you count all individuals within a sampling unit (extrapolation)
Direct enumeration
84
Counting some of the evidence of an organisms presence (nest burrow tracks poo)
Indirect enumeration
85
This is also known as distance sampling and deals with MNA and the comparative index
Random sampling
86
What is MNA?
Minimum Number Alive
87
How do you calculate the comparative index?
Number of captures divided by the number of trapnights
88
What formula is this? Define all variables.
Probability Theory - Mark-Recapture-Index
Nhat - estimate of number
M - number animals marked
n - sample size
R - number of recaptures (already marked animals)
89
According to population dynamics, _______ growth isn't realistic, you have to introduce _______ resources.
experimental, finite
90
What are the factors of DD mortality?
Starvation, disease, and predation
91
What are the factors of DI mortality?
Accident, catastrophe, environmental pollution, and radiation
92
What are the factors of DD natality?
Starvation, disease, and crowding
93
Label this graph.
94
Label this graph.
95
Label the graph. What does N\* represent?
Equilibrial density
96
Where is the greatest rate of increase? What kind of curve is this? Where is dN/dt maxed?
The inflection point (1/2 K)
Sigmoid
Inflection point
97
What equation is this? Where is biotic potential? Where is environmental resistance?
dN/dt = rN(1 - N/K)
Logistic
rN
1 - N/K
98
Assumptions of the Logistic model:
1. Abiotic environment is is ____ (no effect on \_\_\_\_\_)
2. ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rate constant (population growth of lower trophic levels is Density ______ [K constant])
3. Crowding affects all _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ equally
4. Population has ______ \_\_\_\_ _____ (SAD) - shape of pyramid does not change over time = lxr and mxs are constant --\> r is constant
\*5. Population growth is ____ \_\_\_\_\_ even at low densities (i.e. linear decline in 1/N \*dN/dt)
\*6. No _____ \_\_\_\_\_ in a population's response to delta N
\*7. N "\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_", which is a lower dN/dt the predicted at very low N, because of difficulty in finding mates, forming groups, etc.
\*can modify \_\_\_\_\_\_
constant, B or D
Resource renewal, independent
population numbers
Stable Age Distribution
density dependent
time lags
Allele Effect
logistic
99
Which Logistic assumption does this represent?
N "Allele Effect" (#7)
100
Which Logistic assumption does this represent?
Population growth is density dependent (#5)
101
Which Logistic assumption does this represent?
No time lags (#6)
102
What are the two types of time lags?
Mortality and natality
103
Time lag formula? What do T and T1 represent?
dN/dt = rNt (K - Nt-T / K)
T - time lag
T1 - natural period of system
104
Time Lags!
T __ T1?
\>
105
Time Lags!
T __ T1?
=
106
Time Lags!
T __ T1?
\<
107
This type of competition is asymetric and has a constant number of survivors.
Contest
108
This type of competition over compensates density dependence and has no max limit to N.
Scramble
109
What is the significance of this graph?
As the environment and competition changes, benefits change. The organism will adjust its energy input in order to get the same, or more, amount of benefits.
110
Which scientists (3) lab experiments did we study towards the end of the material?
Gause, Parks and Connell
111
What type of organism did Gause work with? What was the result?
Paramecium. When P. aurelia was compared against the other two species, it was dominant
112
Hutchinson (1957) - _______ approach and multi-dimensional description
synecological
113
As in Shelford's law, this is an autoecological description of each species role
Grinellian Niche
114
(Gause 1930s) no two species can occupy the same niche and co-occur while resources are limiting
Competitive exclusion principle
115
Parks 1954 experiment with flour beetles. What were the results?
Based on the conditiond (cool/dry and warm/moist) one beetle was dominate over the other.
116
Connell 1961 experiment was _______ on rock. What was the procedure and the results?
barnacles
He would remove a species of the barnacle in the overlap zone and record those changes. Chthamalus exhibited more competitive release. In conclusion, Balanus had more competition by overgrowth and Chthamalus had more tolerance of dessication
117
What are some possible outcomes of interspecific competition?
Competitive exclusion, ecological fitting, and coevolution of competitors
118
Using Vx = mx + ( (lx+1 / lx\*lambda) Vx+1), in iteroporous orgamisms, what do the following represent with respect to age?
lambda = 1
lambda \< 1
lambda \> 1
constant
increase
decrease
119
What are the types of mating systems?
Monagamy
Polygamy (Polyandry, Polygyny)
Promescuity
120
This type of mating describes a group of males who sort of "show off" in order to impress their female counterparts.
Lek
121
Park's schemes for categorizing modes of competition:
1. one individual consumes resources better/faster/more efficiently than others
2. space is the limiting resource
Exploitive
Interference
122
Schoen's schemes for categorizing modes of competition:
1. one individual or species consumes resources and converts them to biomass
2. passive occupation of space
3. one individual grows on top of another
4. allelopathy, plant secretes toxin from roots - preventing germination
5. usually only intraspecific
6. more aggressive form of territoriality
Which are sessile and which are motile?
consumptive
preemptive
overgrowth
chemical
territorial
encounter
2-4
5-6
123
What is life history variation based on?
size, rate of growth, and reproduction
124
Name at least 3 of the William 1966 tradeoffs.
reproduction/survival
brood size/offspring size
brood size/brood frequency
reproduction/somatic growth
current reproduction/future reproduction
early maturation/offspring survival
125
A way of summarizing all life history variation into one component that can be maximized by natural selection
reproductive value
126
this strategy maximizes productivity
r
127
this strategy maximizes efficiencyof resource use
K
