Test 1 Flashcards

Question

What is the purpose of checkpoints in Mitosis

Answer 1

Key transition points in the cell cycle

Answer 2

Telomere Centromere At least one origin of replication

Answer 3

Leptotene- chromosomes begin to coil up and chromosomes are visible Zygotene- Homologous chromosomes synapse Pachytene- Crossing over occurs between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes Diplotene- homologous centromeres begin to repel from each other Diakinesis- Terminalization of the chiasmata occurs as homologous centromeres continue to repel

Answer 4

``` Prophase I (2) Metaphase I (2) Anaphase I (2) Telophase I (2) Prophase II (2) Metaphase II (2) Anaphase II (1) Telophase II (1) ``` 4 meiotic products

Answer 5

Cohesin- holds sister chromatids together in mitosis and meiosis. It also acts as chiasmata in meiosis to hold homologs together (different forms of this protein in mitosis and meiosis) Shugoshin (guardian Spirit)- protects cohesio at the centromere in anaphase I of meiosis, but is degraded by anaphase II. This allows homologs to separate in anaphase I but keep the sister chromatids together.

Answer 6

Mitosis: - one division results in 2 daughter cells - Chromosome number per nucleus maintained in mitotic products - 1 pre-mitotic S phase per cell division - Normally, no pairing of homologous chromosomes - Normally, no cross overs - Centromeres divide in anaphase - Conservative process: daughter cell genotypes are exactly like parent cell - Cell undergoing mitosis can be diploid or haploid Meiosis - Two divisions result in 4 products of meiosis - chromosomes number halved in meiotic products - 1 pre-meiotic S phase per meiotic process (2 divisions) - Homologous chromsomes synapse - Usually, at least one cross over per homologous pair - Centromeres do not divide in anaphase I but do divide in anaphase II - Promotes variation among products of meiosis - Works best with diploid cells

Answer 7

- Crossing over allows each chromosome to contain some maternal and some paternally derived alleles - Suffling of maternal and paternal chromosomes (independent Assortment)

Answer 8

Cell cycle and regulation studies

Answer 9

mistakes in separation of chromosomes in meiosis

Answer 10

an organized array of an individuals chromosomes

Answer 11

can occur in either the first or second anaphase in meiosis results in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes

Answer 12

- The two alleles of a locus do not blend or fuse - During gamete formation in a heterozygous individual, half of the gametes will receive one of the alleles and half of the gametes will receive the other allele - This results in an individual of a genotype Aa producing two types of gametes in equal frequency

Answer 13

- During gamete formation in an individual who is heterozygous for two loci, the allele from the first locus that goes into a particular gamete will not influence which allele at the other locus goes into the gamete - This results in an individual of genotype AaBb producing four types of gametes in equal frequency: AB, Ab, aB, and ab

Answer 14

probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their probabilities. - clue "and" in a word problem - P(A and B)= P(A)* P(B)

Answer 15

the probability of two or more mutually exclusive events is the sum of their probabilities

Answer 16

same length, centromere position, banding pattern, and genetic loci

Answer 17

1) reductional division- number of chromosomes in the daughter cell is half the number in the original cell (one of each homologous pair in each daughter cell) 2) Equational division- number of chromosomes at the beginning and end of the division cycle is the same, but the daughter cell only have one chromatid

Answer 18

- one allele is completely dominant to the other (unless otherwise specified in the hypothesis - Random segregation occurs at all loci involved in the test - Independent assortment occurs between all loci involved in the test - Random Fertilization occurred in producing the individuals in the generation that is being tested

Answer 19

XX/XO- sexes have a different number of chromosomes Females have 2 (XX) males have 1 (XO) ex: grasshoppers, orthoptera

Answer 20

XX/XY- sexes have same number of chromosomes, but one pair doesn't look homologous EX: fruit flies, us, mealworm

Answer 21

one copy of the chromosome is present crossing bbxbb you get all bb's

Answer 22

only found in the males

Answer 23

Calvin Bridges: Genic Balance theory -Sex is determined by the ration of the number of X chromosomes to the number of autosomal sets ``` Normal Femal= xx/2a ratio of 1.0 Normal Male=XY/2A ratio is .5 below.5= sterile male in between .5-1= interest 1.5-= infertile femtal ``` Nondisjunction of the X chromosome results in gametes XX and 0. After fertilization, the following aneuploid types are formed. XXX, XXY, and XO, Y0 flies die.

Answer 24

``` ZZ= male ZW= female ```

Answer 25

CODES for testis determining factor (TDF) which triggers undifferentiated gonadal tissue to form testis

Answer 26

Turner Syndrome

Answer 27

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 28

Female-variable expression (sterility problems)

Answer 29

Male- nondisjunction of Y

Answer 30

inactivated X chromosome

Answer 31

Unknown Sex

Answer 32

- usually appears in both sexes with equal frequency - tends to skip generations - affected offspring are usually born in unaffected parents - When both parents are heterozygous, approximately one-fourth of the offspring will be affected - Appears more frequently among the children of consanguine marriages

Answer 33

- usually appears in both sexes with equal frequency - both sexes transmit the trait to their offspring - does not skip generations - Affected spring break must have an affected person unless they possess a new mutation - when one parent is affected (heterozygous) and the other parent is unaffected, approximately half of the offspring will be affected - Unaffected parents do not transmit the trait

Answer 34

- usually more males than females are affected - affected sons are usually born to unaffected mothers; thus the trait skips generations - approximately half of a carrier (heterozygous) mothers sons are affected - never passed from father to son - all daughters of affected fathers are carriers

Answer 35

- both males and females are usually unaffected; often more females than males are affected - does not skip generations. affected sons have an affected mother; affected daughters must have either an affected mother or an affected father - affected fathers pass the trait on to all their daughters - affected mothers (if heterozygous) will pass the trait on to half of their sons and half of their daughters

Answer 36

- only males are affected - passed from father to all sons - does not skip generations

Answer 37

a mutation on the X chromosome the acts only in XY individuals to nullify the effects of the Y chromosome

Answer 38

- Diagnosis/ Genetics/Inheritance of the disorder - Symptoms and treatment options - Social and psychological aspects of managing the disorder - Risks/Likelihood/ of having a child with a disorder - Arranging for genetic testing - assisting with counseling and finding support groups to help patients and families cope with stress - NONDIRECTIVE- try not to tell people what to do but to inform them on info

Answer 39

X^(hC)Y for males | X^(Hc)X^(Hc) for females

Answer 40

- a person knows of a genetic disease in the family - a couple has given birth to a child with a genetic disease, birth defect, or chromosomal abnormality - a couple has a child who is mentally retarded or has a close relative who is mentally retarded - an older woman becomes pregnant or wants to become pregnant. There is a disagreement about the age at which a prospective mother who has no other risk factor should seek genetic counseling; many experts suggest that nay prospective mother age 35 or older should seek genetic counseling - Husband and wife are closely related - A couple experiences difficulties achieving a successful pregnancy - A pregnant woman is concerned about exposure to an environmental sub stand (drug chemical or virus) that causes birth defects - a couple needs assistance in interpreting the result of a prenatal or other test - both prospective parents are known carriers for a recessive genetic disease

Answer 41

- Ultrasound - Amniocentesis - CVS - Fetal Blood Sampling (needle into umbilical cord) - Maternal blood screening tests - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (in conjunction with in virto fertilization)

Answer 42

A blood sample is taken from a heel prick just after birth -if you catch early on some intervention can have higher quality of life

Answer 43

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)- health insurance companies and employers cannot discriminate based on the results of genetic tests, nor can they require genetic testing

Answer 44

one allelic form is expressed (the dominant form) and one is not seen (recessive form)

Answer 45

interaction between alleles

Answer 46

phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between phenotypes of the two homozygotes

Answer 47

two copies of the allele are required to result in death of the individual

Answer 48

death occurs if an individual has only one copy of the allele. Only see if individual survives long enough for phenotypes to be seen and only passed on to progeny if individual surveys to reproduction. (EX: huntington's Disease)

Answer 49

Increasing severity or earlier age of onset as trait is passed from one generation to generation

Answer 50

more than two forms of the same gene each capable of producing a different phenotype

Answer 51

the percent of individuals of a given genotype that show some degree of expression of that genotype

Answer 52

The range of expression of a genotype

Answer 53

- modifying genes - enviromental effecting including - location on the chromosome - temp - nutrition - light - imprinting

Answer 54

one gene has an effect on several seemingly unrelated aspects of an individuals phenotype (one gene affects the phenotype of several unrelated traits)

Answer 55

suppressed gene

Answer 56

gene that masks the action of another gene

Answer 57

expression of alleles at one locus masks or modifies the expression of another alleles at another locus interaction between 2 different genes, not interaction between alleles at one locus

Answer 58

the homozygous recessive condition at one locus masks or modifies the expression of alleles at the second locus

Answer 59

Dominant allele at one locus masks or modifies the expression of alleles at a second locus

Answer 60

identical phenotypes are produced by both homozygous recessive genotypes so a different phenotype is produced only there is at least one dominant alleles at each locus

Answer 61

Having at least one dominant allele at either locus results in the same phenotype. The different phenotype is produced when the homozygous recessive occurs at both loci

Answer 62

two genes results in the same phenotype if a dominant allele is present at only one of the two loci. The interaction between dominant alleles at both loci results in a second phenotype and the homozygous recessive condition results in a third phenotype.

Answer 63

Dominant at one locus and/or homozygous recessive at the other locus results in one phenotype

Answer 64

Epistasis- is the interaction between products of different genes Dominance- is the interaction between different alleles at a particular gene

Answer 65

individuals who are genotypes hh do not make the H substance and cannot produce functional A and B blood antigens. Their blood type is functionally Type O even though this may not agree with their genotype at the ABO locus.

Answer 66

Autosomal characteristic that is expressed in only one sex or the other

Answer 67

autosomal trait that can be expressed in either sex but is more frequent in one sex than in the other

Answer 68

The phenotype of the offspring is determined by the mother's genotype and not its own genotype

Answer 69

Genes are located on mitochondria or chloroplast DNA and generally are passed from only maternal parent

Answer 70

Happens in Bees, wasps, hymenoptera - appears that males are haploid and females are diploid. - Females must be heterozygous for a single multiple allele locus EX: mate S^aS^b x S^c Progeny S^aS^c(female), S^bS^c(female), S^a (male), S^b (male)

Answer 71

Crepidula fornicata- a marine mollusk commonly known as the slipper Limpet -live in stacks -Males are on top and females are on bottom -Sex can change during the life of the limpet example of sequential hermaphorditism

Answer 72

each animal can be both male and female, but not at the same time

Answer 73

Chlamydonmonas mating occurs between +/- isogametes

Answer 74

Normal XY male

Answer 75

inactivation of an X chromosome occurs randomly in somatic cells at some point in development. Once inactivated, all progeny cells have the same X inactivated. The inactivated X is called BARR BODY This means that females are a mosaic for traits not eh X chromsome

Answer 76

phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate between homozygotes mating purple and white (half of the progeny is violet)

Answer 77

Heterozygote expresses both alleles as distinct gene products

Answer 78

an environmental agent mimics a genetic condition

Answer 79

EX: eyeless flies in Drosophila melanogaster can be due to the genotype ee. This condition can also occur to E_ flies if the larvae are exposed to SODIUM METABORATE PHOCOMELIA in humans results in short, flipper-like limbs and can be inherited as a very rare recessive mutation. The use of THALIDOMIDE by pregnant women can also cause this disorder.

Answer 80

expression of a gene depends on whether it is inherited from the maternal or paternal parent.

Answer 81

Heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence

Answer 82

Possible origin of organelles is that they were distinct bacteria like organisms that became incorporated into primitive eukaryotic cells -symbiotic relationship developed through evolution so that each became dependent on other to survive

Answer 83

Maternal Effect D=dextral d=sinistral Genotype of mother dictates progeny phenotype by determining orientation of the spindle fibers in the first cleavage of fertilization.

Answer 84

due to genes on mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA - Generally one parent contributes almost all of the cytoplasm to the zygote so traits show uniparental inheritance (usually mom gives cytoplasm) - differences in reciprical crosses

Answer 85

- observe maternal inheritance pattern - Disorder related to deficiency in bioenergetic functions of cell - document a specific mutation in a mitochondrial gene EX. MERRF, LHON, KSS

Answer 86

fail to reject hypothesis The data for (trait name) in (organism) is consistent with (the type of genetic inheritance) at the 5% significance level.

Answer 87

Reject the hypothesis There is enough evidence at the 5% significance level to conclude the (trait name) in (organism) is not (type of inheritance)

Answer 88

The mode of inheritance for (trait name) in (organism) is (type of inheritance)

Answer 89

incomplete occurs when the heterozygous individual is phenotypically intermediate to the two homozygous forms, but only one gene product is formed codominance occurs when the heterozygous individual expressed both genotypes

Answer 90

when the mother's nuclear genotype dictates the phenotype of all the progeny (snail coiling direction)

Answer 91

genes located on the mothers mitochondria or chloroplasts dictates the phenotype of all of her progeny

Answer 92

In cytoplasmic inheritance, the presence of all types of mitochondria in a cell can lead to variability in her progeny. Would not expect in traits controlled by maternal effect.

Answer 93

Small -easy to breed specific individuals -easily raised in a laboratory setting without costing a lot of money -The more we already know the better -one we have already sequenced or know a lot about -interesting, useful, and unusual= Armadillo: identical tetrads, Xenopus: Huge oocytes Short generation time

Answer 94

process of nuclear division

Test 1 Flashcards

(127 cards)