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Psychopharmacology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Drugs are classified by:

A
  • Origin
  • Action
  • Therapeutic use
  • Site of drug action
  • Chemical structure
  • Mechanism of action
  • Street name
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2
Q

effect of drugs on behaviour

A

psychopharmacology

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3
Q

how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises, and excretes drugs

A

pharmacokinetics

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4
Q

biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

A

pharmacodynamics

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5
Q

What does the dose-response curve measure?

A

describes the amount of biological or behavioural effect (response) for a given drugs concentration (dose).

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6
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

portion of original drugs dose that reaches the site of action

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7
Q

What factors affect drug absorption?

A
  • ability to pass through membrane
  • form of drug administration (i.e. drugs in water solution)
  • conditions at site of absorption (i.e. size of absorbing surface)
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8
Q

when a drug is eliminated by a steady percentage in the body

A

first order kinetics

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9
Q

when a drug is eliminated by a steady amount/concentration in the body

A

zero order kinetics

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10
Q

Which drug is the black sheep of order kinetics?

A

alcohol; follows zero order kinetics

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11
Q

time that must pass for the amount of the drug in the body to be cut in half

A

half-life

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12
Q

what do agonists do

A

bind directly to receptor and initiates drug action/effect

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13
Q

what do antagonists do

A

bind to the receptor and block and produce no cellular effect, but prevent agonists from binding to the site

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14
Q

a receptor antagonist that binds to a receptor but does not activate the receptor. The antagonist will compete with available agonist for receptor binding sites on the same receptor.

A

competitive antagonist

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15
Q

an antagonist that blocks elsewhere

A

noncompetitive antagonist

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16
Q

what is dispositional tolerance?

A

an increase in the rate of metabolising drug as a result of chronic use

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17
Q

what is pharmacodynamic tolerance?

A

decreased behavioural effects of a drug (a) acute (b) protracted

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18
Q

what is behavioural tolerance?

A

tolerance occurs in the same environment in which the drug was administered but tolerance is not apparent or is reduced in a new environment

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19
Q

What is state-dependent learning?

A

information learned under the influence of a drug is best recalled when the individual is in that drug-induced state

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20
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • integrating
  • motor
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21
Q

monitors internal and external environment through presence of receptors

A

sensory neurons

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22
Q

interpretation and processing of sensory information; complex (higher order) functions

A

integrating neurons

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23
Q

response to information processed through stimulation of effectors

A

motor neurons

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24
Q

parts of the neuron:

A
  • dendrites-receives incoming information
  • cell body-houses nucleus and dna
  • axon hillock-start point of action potential
  • axon-action potential travels down
  • axon terminal
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25
What do glial cells do?
provide supportive function for neurons
26
What is resting membrane potential?
-70mV; the voltage difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest
27
What are the passive properties for maintaining resting membrane potential?
differential permeability of the ions
28
What are the active properties for maintaining resting membrane potential?
sodium-potassium pump
29
What is depolarisation?
making the membrane less negative
30
What is hyperpolarisation?
making the membrane more negative
31
brief period in which it is impossible to elicit another action potential
absolute refractory period
32
period in which a higher amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire
relative refractory period
33
What is the difference between gray and white matter?
gray matter-cell bodies, unmyelinated axons | white matter-myelinated axons
34
What are the meninges?
- pia mater-innermost - arachnoid mater - dura mater-outermost
35
What does the medulla do?
regulates breathing
36
What does the pons do?
involved in dreaming
37
What does the cerebellum do?
has to do with motor balance
38
What does the thalamus do?
sensory relay station where signals are received, processed, and transmitted to areas of sensory cortex
39
What does the hypothalamus do?
regulates food intake; hormonal control; regulates body temperature; emotional response; autonomic regulatory centre
40
What does the basal ganglia do?
involved in performance of voluntary motor responses
41
What does the amygdala do?
involved in emotional memory and recall
42
What does the hippocampus do?
involved in long-term memory and spatial navigation
43
NT is discharged from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis at the ___.
active zone
44
Docking of synaptic vesicles, fusion, and exocytosis are controlled by ____.
calcium influx
45
Calcium influx is greatest in the region of ___.
the active zone
46
What are the mechanisms controlling the rate of NT release?
- rate of neuron firing - probability of transmitter release from axon terminal - presence of autoreceptors - axon terminals may have heteroreceptors
47
How are NTs inactivated?
- enzymatic breakdown - reuptake - uptake by glial cells
48
What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
- ionotropic - gate ion channels directly | - metabotropic - gate ion channels indirectly
49
Second messenger systems do what?
- activate protein kinases | - function of the protein is altered
50
What do tyrosine kinase receptors do?
mediate actions of neurotrophic factors
51
Endocrine system: hormones control which major processes?
- reproduction - growth and development - mobilisation of body defenses - regulation of metabolism
52
the adrenal cortex releases what?
glucocorticoids
53
the adrenal medulla releases what?
epinephrine and norephinephrine
54
the pineal gland is involved in what?
- secretion of melatonin - controlling sleep rhythms - used to alleviate jet lag
55
Difference between CT scan/MRI and fMRI/PET:
first two visualise the brain while the last two provide images of brain activity
56
used to visualise the brain and other internal structures of the living body
CT scan
57
produces detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, and bone; more detailed
MRI
58
produces images of the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain
fMRI
59
provides images of brain activity rather than brain structure
PET scan
60
EEG measures:
brain waves
61
used to position experimental devices into the brain with precision
stereotaxic surgery
62
remove, damage, or destroy a part of the brain to observe impact on behaviour
lesion
63
activates a structure in the brain
electrical stimulation
64
allows for measurement of NTs released in a specific brain area in freely moving animals
microdialysis
65
a chemical used to prepare and preserve body tissue
fixative
66
process in which an animal's blood is replaced by a saline solution or a fixative in preparing the brain for histological examination
perfusion
67
instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissue
microtome
68
method of locating NTs and receptors based on the binding of labeled protein-specific antibodies
immunocytochemistry
69
subjects missing a gene that can provide insight into what the gene controls
gene knockout
70
inserting a pathological human gene in mice
gene knockin

Psychopharmacology (2 decks)

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