Test #1 Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
What is neuroscience?
A
The study of the brain
2
Q
aristotle
A
sleep dreams sense of memory
3
Q
desecrates
A
interactive dualism mind and body are separate
4
Q
psychology
A
study of behavior and mind
5
Q
wundt
A
used scientific method to study the fundamental psychological process
father of psychology first lab in Germany
divided brains into sectors
6
Q
introspection
A
careful systematic observation of own conscious experience reflecting inward describing verbally.
cannot be used to study children or animals
7
Q
folk psychology
A
the study of cultural influences on mental life
8
Q
titchner
A
structuralism
even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures
9
Q
stimulus
A
anything perceptive to the senses
10
Q
william james
A
established psychology in the U.S.
when you break the brain into components you lose it as a whole
11
Q
g stanley hall
A
recieved the first phd in psychology
founded the american psychologist association
was it first President
12
Q
the american journal of opsychology
A
the first U.S. journal dedicated to psychology
13
Q
Mary Calking
A
taught experimental psychology at wellesley college
wrote introduction to psychology
14
Q
Francis summer
A
first African to earn a phd in psychology
15
Q
Freud
A
emphasized the role of the unconsciousness conflicts
16
Q
john b watson
A
behaviorism rejected freudian notions about the unconsciousness
17
Q
behaviorism
A
scientific studies that focus on the investigation on behavior
18
Q
pavlov
A
dogs drooling to sound of a bell even with food isnt around
19
Q
skinner
A
believed that psychology should only study observable behavior
20
Q
carl rogers
A
humanism self determination free will humans have a choice
21
Q
maslow
A
emphasized psychological growth
22
Q
todays psychologist
A
perspective specialty areas
23
Q
perspective
A
emphasized the investigating psychological topics
24
Q
specialty areas
A
train an practice specific psychology
25
biological perspective
studying the bases of human and animal behavior
| neuroscience
26
psychodynamic perspective
may or may not follow freud
| unconscious influences early life
27
behavioral perspective
contemporary psychologist study how behavior acquired or modified by the environment
28
humanistic perspective
focuses on motivation of people to grow psychologically
29
positive psychology perspective
studying the positive emotions
| personal happiness, optimism. creativity resilience character wisdom
30
cognitive perspective
focuses on the role of mental process of how people remember information and develop language solve problems and think
31
cross cultural
studies behavior of people in different cultures
32
evolutionary perspective
refers to the application of evolution to explain why psychological process and phenomena
33
clinical psychology
studies the cause and diagnosis treatment and prevention of emotional behaviors
34
counseling psy
helps people of all ages adapt and cope with problems
35
developmental psy
studies the physical social and psychological changes that occur in life
36
educational psy
research focused on basic topics
37
forensic psy
applies psychological principles and techniques to legal issues
38
health psy
focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development prevention and treatment of illness
39
industrial organization psy
relationships of people and the work place
40
personality psy
studies the nature of human personalty
41
rehabilitation psy
uses psychology with people with chronic and disabling health conditions
42
social psy
explores how people are affected by thier socail enviorment
43
sports psy
used to enhance an athletes motivation and performances
44
clinical psy
training leads to a doctorate
45
psychiatrist
medical degree can hospitalize people and prescribe drugs
46
scientific method
describe explain predict control or influences
| refers to a set of assumptions,attitudes, and procedures
47
events are lawful
when the scientific method applies to psychology behavior and mental process follow a constant pattern
48
events are explainable
behavior and mental process have a cause or causes
49
healthy sense of scientific skeptism
psychologist critically evaluate the evidence for new findings
50
empirical evidence
evidence that is the result of objective observation measurement and experimentation
51
systematically seeking answers
formulate question
design a study
analyze the data
report the results
52
hypothesis
a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables
53
variables
contained in a given hypothesis, are simply the factors
54
operational definition
define the variables in a very specific term as to how it will be measured
55
descriptive metod
design the study and collect the data
56
experimental method
used to show that one variable causes change in a second variable
57
steps to analyzing data
statistics
statistically significant
meta analysis
report findings
58
statistics
analyze summarize and draw conclusion
59
statistically significant
the results are not like to have occurred by chance
60
meta analysis
pooling the results of several studies into a single analysis
61
report the findings
```
the rational
who participated how they were selected
how variables were operationally defined
what methods were used
how the data was analyzed
what the results seem to suggest
```
62
replicated
the same study is done again to prove the relationship
63
building theories
not the same as the hypothesis
| trying to explain the reasons for diverse findings
64
self correcting nature of the scientific enterprise
when new finds challenge existing ways of thinking
65
pseudoscience
often claim to be scientific while ignoring the basic rules of science
66
descriptive research methods
strategies for observing and describing behavior
67
naturalistic observation
observe and record behaviors as the occur in their natural setting
68
case study
detail, detail, detail
| an intense indepth investigation
69
survey
(A) always (B) sometimes (C) never (D) huh?
| people respond to a structured set of questions
70
sample
a segment of the group or population
71
representative sample
very closely parallels or matches the large group
72
random selection
every member of the large group has an equal chance of being selected
73
correlation study
examines how closely two variables are related
74
correlation coefficient
a numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship between two factors
always fall in a range from -1.00 to 1.00
the closer the relationship is to 1.00 the stronger the relationship regardless of the sign
75
positive correlation
the two factors vary in the same way
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negative correlation
as one factor increases the other decreases
77
experimental method
used to demonstrate a cause and effect in two variables
78
independent variable
deliberately varying of factor in an experiment
the actual medication
sometimes referred to as the treatment variable
79
dependent variable
measures the changes if any that are produced in a second factor
depends on variations in the independent variable
80
extraneous or confounding factors
these factors are not the focus of the experiment
81
the ginkgo biloba experiment
testing for effectiveness
82
experiment group
receives the independent variable
83
placebo
is a fake substance, treatment, or procedure that has no known effect
84
placebo effect
is any change attributed to the persons beliefs and expectations
85
expectancy effect
the potential effect of the placebo effect should not be underestimated
86
random assignment
any of the participants have an equal chance of being choosen
87
double blind treatment
neither the researchers nor the participants know who receives the treatment
88
single blind
the researchers are aware but the subjects are not
89
demand characteristics
subtle ques or signals that can bias the outcomes
90
practice effect
the participants experience with the test
91
main effect
the change that can be directly attributed to the treatment variable
92
control group
serves as a baseline against which changes in the experimental group can be compared
93
limitations of experimental and variations in experimental design
the results can not be applied to the real world situations or to the general population
94
natural experiment
researchers carefully observe and measure the impact of a naturally occurring event
95
ethics psychology research
informed consent and voluntary participants
| participants and with draw at anytime and are free to decline to participate
96
students as research participants
the student is given the opportunity to participate in a study for extra credit if they decline they must be give an alternative
97
the use of deception
the psychologist can use this when two conditions have been met
98
deception condition 1
it is not feasible to use alternatives
99
deception condition 2
the potential findings justify the use of deception
100
confidentiality of information
psychologists can not disclose any information or personal identity
101
information about the study and debriefing
all participants must be provided with the opportunity to obtain information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research
102
Asperger syndrome
a development disorder that resembles autism
103
biological psychology
is the study of the biological bases of behavior and mental process
104
neuroscience and biological psychology limits
they are not limited to the study of the brain and the nervous system
105
nervous system
the bodies primary communication netwok
106
neuron
the basic cell of the nervous system
cells that are highly specialized to receive and transmit information
brain contains around 100 billion neurons
107
endocrine system
the organization of the nervous system and a closely linked communication network
108
sensory nerves
convey information about the environment
109
motor neurons
communicate information tot eh muscles and glands
110
interneurons
communicate info between neurons
| most of the neurons in the brain are interneurons
111
cell body (soma)
contains structures that manufacture proteins and process nutrients providing the energy the neurons needs to function
112
neuron body
cell body, dendrites, and axon
113
dendrites
short branch fibers
| receives from other neurons
114
axon
is a single elongated tube that extends from the cell body in most some neurons do not have axons
115
Gliol cells
```
more the just brains packing peanuts
out number neurons by about 10 to 1
structural support for neurons
microgliol cell
astrocytes
oligad endrocytes in the brain
shwann cells in the nervous system
```
116
microglia cells
remove waste products from the nervous system
117
Astrocytes
the most abundant cell in the brain
| provide connection between the neurons and
118
myelin sheath
white covering on axon, protects the axon like tattoo cord
119
nodes of Ranvier
the small gaps between the myelin sheath when damaged causes multiple Scleroses
120
communication with in the neuron
All-or-none action potential
| and electrical process
121
Action potential
produced but by the movement of electrically charged particles across the membrane of the axon
122
ions
positive or negative charged
| the axon membrane opens and closes ion channels that allow the flow in and out
123
ion channel
allows ions into the membrane of an axon
124
stimulus thresh hold
the minimum level of stimulation from other neurons to activate the next neuron
also occurs in sensory receptors
125
polarized
the state a neuron is in waiting for stimulation
126
resting potential
about -70 millivolts
127
the ions that stimulate the neuron
-CL K+ Na+
CL chlorine
K+ potassium
128
depolarized
when the neurons is sufficiently stimulated to begin the action potential
129
self-sustaining
once the action potential has started it is self-sustaining
130
All-or-none
there is no partial stimulation
131
re-factory period
after action potential
| neuron is unable to fire
132
single neuron
can potentially generate hundreds of neural impulses per second
133
myelinated neurons
communicate faster then nor myelinated
134
synapse
communication between the two neurons
135
presynaptic neurons
neuron that receives the message
136
synaptic gap
the gap between the communicating neurons
137
electrical communication
less then 1% of synapse in the brain use electrical communication
138
chemical communication
occurs when the presynaptic neuron creates a chemical substance that id diffused across the synaptic gap
139
axon terminal
at the end of the axon
| branch like
140
synaptic vesicles
tiny sacks floating in the fluid of the axon terminal
141
neurotransmitters
special chemical messenger
some neurons only produce only one type of neurotransmitters
communicate with and excititory or inhibitory
142
receptor sites
located on the dendrites and other surfaces
143
synaptic transmission
the process of transmitting information at the synapse
144
re-uptake
occurs with many neurotransmitters that failed to attach to a recptor
145
excititory message
increase a neuron will enter an action potential
146
inhibitory
decreases the likely hood a neuron will activate
147
Acetylcholine
first neurotransmitter discovered
found in motor neurons
important in memory learning and general intellectual
people with Alzheimer's have less
148
dopamine
involved in movement, attention, learning and pleasure
Parkinson disease
Schizophrenia increase hallucination
149
Serotonin
sleep, sensory perception, moods and emotional states
150
prozac
used to increase serotonin in people with depressiokn
151
Norepinephrine
sleep, learning,and memory retrieval
| depression
152
gaba
gama-aminobutyric acid
usually inhibitory
to much impairs learning motivation and movement
153
endorphines
produced internally
| derived from endogenous morphines
154
black widow
venom causes acetylcholine to be released
155
ssrri
stops the reuptake process of certain neuriotrasmitters
156
agonist
a drug or other chemical that binds to a receptor
| chemically similar to a neurotransmitter produces the same effect
157
antagonist
blocks the effect of neurotransmitters
158
curare
block acetylcholine receptor sites cause instantaneous paralysis
159
naloxone
antagonist at opiod receptors
| emlininates the effect of endorphines and and opiods
160
nervous system
two systems central and peripheral systems
161
peripheral nervous system
communication happens through nerves
| all nerves outside the central nervous system
162
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
| protected entirely by bone
163
meninges
three layers of membranous tissues protecting the brain and spinal cord
164
cerebrospinal fluid
a fluid around the spinal cord and brain to stop them from being jarred
165
ventricles
specialized cells that generate neurons in the developing of the brain
linked with neural stem cells
166
(CNS) brain
the command center of the central nervous system
167
spinal reflexes
simple automatic behaviors that occur without brain involvement
168
withdraw reflex
occurs when you touch a painful stimulus
169
sensory neuron
communicate sensations to the spinal cord
170
interneurons
relay information with in the spinal cord
171
motor neurons
signal the muscles to react
172
somatic nervous system
key role in communication throughout the the body
173
autonomic nervous system
regulates involuntary movements such as heart rate blood pressure digestion and breathing
174
sympathetic nervous system
the bodies emergency system
175
parasympathetic system
the body relaxes coming out of its activated state
176
endocrine system
glands related throughout the body
| interact but is not apart of the nervous system
177
hormones
chemical messengers the endocrine system communicates through
regulates physical process
178
pituitary glland
boss gland
| produces the growth hormone
179
prolactin
the hormone that produces milk
180
oxytocin
the hormone that allows the milk to drop into the nipple
181
adrenal glands
interests psychologists
| consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
182
adrenal cortex
the outer gland
| produce hormones involved in stress
183
adrenal medulla
the inner gland
produces hormones involved in stress
flight or fight
184
gonads
sex organs
185
neural pathways
link different brain structures
186
human connection project
mapping the information highway in the brain
187
neuroplasticity or plasticity
the brain ability to change functions and structures
188
functional plasticity
the brains ability to shift function of damaged parts to functioning parts
189
structural plasticity
the brains ability to physically change its shape
190
neurogensis
the development of new neurons after birth
191
hind brain
connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain
| made up of the medulla the pons and the cerebellum
192
medulla
messages criss cross
| located at the base of the brain just above the spinal cord
193
the pons
upper most level of the hind brain
| a bridge information is passed from the higher parts of the brain to the cerebellum
194
cerebellum
controls balance muscle tone and coordinates muscle movement
195
midbrian
important relay station
| processes auditory and visual sensory information
196
substantia nigra
darkly pigmented
| motor control and contain a heavy amount of dopamine
197
forebrain
above the midbrain
| largest region of the brain
198
cerebral cortex
most prominent section of the forebrain
| outer covering of the forebrain
199
corpus callosum
thick bundle of axons
| connects the two sides of the brain
200
temporal lobe
located near temples
| contains primary auditory cortex
201
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex
| located at the very back of the brain
202
parietal lobe
processing bodily or somatosensory information
203
somatosensory cortex
information from different touch receptors in the body
204
frontal lobe
largest of the cerebral cortex
205
limbic system
beneath the cerebral cortex
form complex neural circuit
plays role in learning memory and emotional control
206
the hippocampus
key role in keeping new memories
207
thalamus
proces and distributes sensory and motor information except smell
208
hypothalamus
the brain within the brain
| survival eating drinking fear and aggression
209
hyptalamus
regulates daily sleep and wake cycles
210
the amygdala
involved in emotional responses fear anger and disgust
| involved with learning and memories especially those with strong emotional connection
211
localization of fucntion
the idea that a function is related to a certain area of the brain
212
broca's area
plays a key role in speech production
| in the left hemisphere
213
wernicke's area
in the left temporal lobe
| can speak but speech makes no sense
214
speech and language
happen in the left hemisphere
215
aphasia
partial or complete inability to speak or understand written language
216
expresive aphasia (Broca's aphasia)
cannot produce speech of very difficult
217
receptive aphasia
difficulty comprehending language
| can speak but have trouble finding the right words
218
split brain opperation
the splitting or the corpus callosum
219
roger sperry
began unraveling the puzzle of right and left hemisphere
220
left hemishpere
superior in language, abilities,speech,reading and writing
221
right hemisphere
the creative side
| puzzles recognizing faces emotional cues reading maps music appreation
222
left and right hemisphere
sensory and motor neurons are symmetrical among the two
