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Bio 110 Unit 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable Prediction

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2
Q

Test

A

Reject/fail to reject a hypothesis. Can never prove something.

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3
Q

Scientific Method

A 
Observe
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test
Reject/Fail to reject
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4
Q

Lamaraks Theory

A

Inheritance of required characteristics passed on to the next generation.

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5
Q

Malthus

A

Population is going to increase faster than the food production

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6
Q

Darwin’s response to Malthus

A

The WHOLE population won’t die because some individuals will survive better than others.

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7
Q

3 components of Natural Selection

A

Orgs have variable characteristics
Some characteristics are heritable
Some characteristics confer increased survival and reproduction

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8
Q

Heritable Characteristics

A

Will increase the population!

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9
Q

Why were people pissed about evolution?

A

Independent mechanism that didn’t rely on God

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10
Q

Allele

A

Version of a gene

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11
Q

Speciation

A

Splitting 1 species into 2

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12
Q

Assumptions of Common Ancestry

A

Organisms share traits with close relatives

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13
Q

Decent with Modification

A

Change through generations. The trait you are looking to decent with must already be there.

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14
Q

Transitional fossils

A

Missing Links

Provide us with an opportunity to answer a testable hypothesis.

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15
Q

Tiktalik

A

Fish

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16
Q

Bio Geography

A

Closely relatied organisms can occur close geographically even in different habitats

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17
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Organisms in similar ecosystems different places can be similarly related

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18
Q

Homology

A

Similarity due to common evolutionary origins/ancestry

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19
Q

Vestigial Organs

A

Organs with diminished or lost function i.e. liver, whale pelvis

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20
Q

Natural Selection

A

Non-random survival of genotypes acting to preserve favorable variants and eliminate less favorable ones.

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21
Q

Assumptions of Natural Selection

A

Variation in population
Some characteristics have to confer greater fitness
Some Characteristics are heritable

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22
Q

Fecundity

A

Number of sperm or egg you can produce

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23
Q

Characteristics of Fitness

A

Extent that an individual contributes genes to a generation
Lifetime reproductive success
How good some genotypes are at leaving offspring in next generation compared to other generations

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24
Q

Heritable

A

Genes passed down from parent

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25
Artificial Selection
Strong & Fast | GMO's/Dog Breed
26
Industrial Melanism
Colored moths | React able/predictable
27
Directional Selection
Same shape. Shift in location of graph.
28
Stabilizing Selection
Becomes more concentrated in one area. Skinnier hump.
29
Disruptive Selection
Wide hump splits into two humps.
30
Manipulation
We can manipulate variables in controlled environment. Guppy color.
31
Selection
``` predictable repeatable convirgent reversible (but not always) can be rapid Not a negative force/creates new diversity ```
32
Random
Drift
33
Not Random
Natural Selection
34
Harvey- Weinburg
``` Null Model Mating is random No mutation No Natural Selection No immigration ```
35
What does Gene Flow do to the population?
Homogenizes the population
36
Bottle Neck Drift
Reduction in population due to a random event. | Chance determines the allele frequency
37
Fecundity
Number of eggs you produce
38
Effective Population Size
The number of individuals that pass on genes to the next population
39
How do you increase variation?
MUTATION
40
Characteristics of Drift
Random Strong in small populations low genetic variation increased chance of rare alleles coming together
41
Sexual Selection
differential ability of individuals to acquire mates in competition with other individuals of the same sex
42
Lek Mating
``` Physical Combat ritualized high energy non random not all males mate (elephant seals) not all males mate the same amnt ```
43
Why are females picky in sexual selection?
Good genes Bright male sexy son
44
Good Genes (Sexual Selection)
lower chance of illness/ increased speed/etc.
45
Bright Male (Sexual Selection)
Pick the healthiest Male to mate with
46
Sexy son (Sexual Selection)
Choosing the best males means you produce an off spring with higher chances of reproduction
47
What can counteract Nat. Selection?
``` Sexual Selection Migration/selection Drift/selection Linkage (two genes near 1 another on the chromosomes) Plietropy (1 gene with multiple effects) ```
48
What are the downfalls of Natural Selection?
It's short sighted & tinkers with things. It doesn't solve problems the first time. (Dodo birds. Big bodies, little wings)
49
Cryptic Species
Look hell similar to each other
50
BCS
Biological Species Concept | Species of groups that are actually/potentially interbreeding
51
Reproductive Isolation
Prevents two members of different species from breeding and producing viable offspring.
52
Pre-zygotic Barriers
Mechanical, temporal, behavioral, habitat, gametic
53
Mechanical
Fish penis. Has to physically be able to reproduce
54
Temporal
time based. Dif breeding season
55
Behavioral
Doesn't see the other as a potential mate
56
Habitat
Mating in dif habitats ie: Marine v. fresh water
57
Gametic
Sperm & egg aren't chemically compatible
58
Fallouts of BCS
Doesn't address hybridization Doesn't apply to asexual animals Just because you can breed don't make you the same species
59
Evolutionary Phylogenetic Species Concept
Unique evolutionary rule with diagnosable evolutionary units
60
Unified Species Concept
Only need to meet 1 concept/criteria to be considered a species
61
Allopatric
geographic barriers separate 1 population into 2 (doesn't have to be physical i.e. black & white water in the amazon)
62
Sympatric
splitting of a population into distinct species with in the same geographic region (driven by disruptive selection)
63
Polyploid
Form of Sympatric Speciation. Change in the number of chromosomes (common in plants)
64
Forms of Sympatric Speciation
Polyploid habitat differentiation sexual selection
65
Phylogenetics
Forming & Testing hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among species
66
Monophly
derived from a single ancestor
67
Polyphylate
doesn't include all the decedents from a common ancestor
68
Homologous Traits
traits you share with related people. Want to maximize
69
Homoplasy
traits not due to commonality. Due to converge and parallelism likely to have a common function. Want to minimize.
70
Synapamorphie
Derived due to recent common ancestry.

Bio 110 Unit 1 (1 decks)

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