TEST #1 Flashcards
(96 cards)
0
Q
Proteins, carbs and fats are the three ____________
A
Macronutrients
1
Q
At rest Respiratory Quotent (RQ) is normally .__
A
.76
2
Q
At rest RQ is normally .76, what is the fat percentage and carbs percentage
A
80% fat; 20% carbs
3
Q
What percentage of your daily energy comes from protein
A
5-10%
4
Q
More carbs are burned in times of stress because
A
Anaerobic system requires fast ATP
5
Q
One liter of oxygen consumption is __ kcal burned
A
5
6
Q
Byproducts of aerobic system
A
Water and CO2
7
Q
Byproduct of anerobic system
A
Lactic Acid
8
Q
Definition: breakdown of fat
A
Lipolysis
9
Q
70% of lactic acid is ___________
A
Oxidized
10
Q
__% of Lactic acid is oxidized
A
70
11
Q
Cycle in which Lactic acid can convert back to glucose
A
Cori Cycle
12
Q
True or False: Lactic acid is a waste
A
False
13
Q
True or False: without O2, glycolysis can still go
A
True
14
Q
True or False: without Electron Transport Chain, KREB Cycle still works
A
False
15
Q
Product of the Krebs Cycle
A
Citrate
16
Q
Each Krebs Cycle produces _ NADH and _ FADH
A
3 NADH & 1 FADH
17
Q
Definition: Removing an electron (does not require oxygen)
A
Oxidation
18
Q
True or False: Oxidation does not require oxygen
A
True
19
Q
_____ is oxidizing agent
A
NAD
20
Q
_____ is reducing agent
A
NADH
21
Q
True or False: Oxidation and reduction are always couples reaction + = -
A
True
22
Q
Definition: addition of an electron
A
Reduction
23
Q
3 major macronutrients
A
Carbs, proteins, fats
24
Definition: breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
25
After heart attack, supervised exercise
Cardiac Rehab
26
Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Metabolism
27
Converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into energy
Bioenergetics
28
Semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment
Cell membrane
29
Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis
Nucleus
30
Fluid portion of cell, contains organelles (mitochondria)
Cytoplasm
31
____ contains information to produce proteins
DNA
32
Transcription produces _____.
mRNA
33
_______________ produces mRNA.
Transcription
34
______ leaves nucleus and binds to ribosome.
mRNA
35
_________ __________ are carried to ribosome by tRNA.
Amino Acids
36
Amino acids are carried to the ribosome by ____.
tRNA
37
In translation, ____ is used to determine the arrangement of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
mRNA
38
Cellular Chemical Reaction that requires energy to be added
Endergonic
39
Cellular Chemical Reactions that release energy
Exergonic reactions
40
The energy given off by the _________ reaction powers the ___________ reaction.
Exergonic; Endergonic
41
Removing an electron
Oxidation
42
Addition of an electron
Reduction
43
___ is a coenzyme found in all living cells
NAD
44
___ is an oxidizing agent which accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced (NADH).
NAD
45
Another word for blood sugar
Glucose
46
Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle
Glycogen
47
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
48
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of _________ to ___________.
Glycogen; Glucose
49
Primary type of fat used by the muscle
Fatty acids
50
A major component of all cell membrane. Not used as an energy source
Phospholipids
51
Derived from colesterol; needed to synthesize steroid hormones
Steroids
52
Composed of amino acids
Protein
53
Consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
54
Does not involve O2 (PC)
Anaerobic
55
Requires O2, oxidative phosphorylation
Aerobic pathways
56
Anaerobic ATP production
| Lasts _-_ seconds
5-10
57
What energy system last 5-10 seconds and provides immediate energy supply
Anaerobic
58
System that's to mitochondria for ATP generation
Aerobic
59
System to convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid
Anaerobic
60
Formation of ATP without the use of O2 is termed ___________ metabolism
Anaerobic
61
Historically, 1 glucose produced 38 ATP. Recent research indicates that 1 glucose produces __ ATP.
32
62
One mile of ATP has energy yield of ___ kcal.
7.3
63
Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is ___%. __% of energy is released as heat
34; 66
64
almost 100% of ATP produced by _________ metabolism.
Aerobic
65
After ______ ________ is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP production
Steady state
66
Trained subjects have a lower ________ ________.
Oxygen deficit
67
Removal of lactic acid following exercise
__% lactic acid is oxidized
__% converted to glucose
__% converted to amino acids
70;20;10
68
The point at which blood lactic acid rises exponentially during incremental exercise
Lactate threshold; also called anaerobic threshold
69
50% fat 50% carbs! Respiratory exchange rate is .__
.85
70
The __________ ___________ ______ (R) is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to the oxygen consumed. (VCO2/VO2)
Respiratory Exchange Rate
71
__________ _________ describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases
Crossover concept
72
___________ is depleted during prolonged high intensity exercise
Glycogen
73
________ ________ can be converted to glucose in the liver
Cori Cycle
74
Almost 100% of ATP produced by _____________ metabolism
Aerobic
75
What is the lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
Oxygen Deficit
76
Majority of lactic acid converted to glucose in liver is ___________ theory
Classical
77
____________ glands release hormones directly into the blood
Endocrine
78
_____________ alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind.
Hormones
79
True or False: Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors
True
80
Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone
Downregulation
81
Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone
Upregulation
82
__________ hormone secretes from anterior pituitary gland
Growth
83
_____________ hormone secretes from posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic (ADH)
84
___________ hormone reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume.
Antidiuretic
85
_____________ gland stimulates by the thyroid stimulating hormone.
Thyroid gland
86
Increase metabolic rate; increased fuel mobilization; act in a permissive manner to allow other hormones to exert their full effect
Thyroid gland
87
_____________ ____________ secretes the catecholamines
Adrenal Medulla
88
Fast acting hormones; part of the "fight or flight" response
Adrenal Medulla
89
Fast acting hormones
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
90
___________ _________ secretes steroid hormones derived from cholesterol
Adrenal Cortex
91
___________ secretes insulin
Pancreas
92
____________ maintain normal blood glucose level
Glucagon
93
______________ the maintenance of a constant internal environment
Homeostasis
94
FFA mobilization dependent on __________ ____________ __________ (HSL)
Hormone sensitive lipase
95
FFA mobilization __________ during heavy exercise
Decreases
