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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Entomology?

A

The study of insects including Non-insect hexapods and other terrestrial arthropods.

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2
Q

Why are insects important(3)

A

Low levels on food chain
Decomposers
Pollination

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3
Q

What is a Key stone species?

A

If the species is lost then there is a collapse of the ecosystem.

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4
Q

How many species are there today?

A

3- 30 million

book says 4-6 million

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5
Q

How many genes do we share with insects(fraction)

A

2/3 of all genes

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6
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic Hierarchy

A

Domain, Kindgom, Phylum, Class,Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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7
Q

Each level of hierarchy is referred to as a?

A

Taxon

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8
Q

Standard ending for : Superfamily-
Family-
Subfamily-
Tribe-

A

oidea
idae
inae
ini

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9
Q

What type of classification do we use?

A

Linnean Classification

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10
Q

Arthropod:
Domain-
Kingdom-
Phylum-

A

Eukarya
Animalia
Arthropoda

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11
Q

Arthropods share 13 total characteristics what are 1-5?

A 
segmented body plan
Paired segmented appendages
Bilaterally symmetrical
Chitinous exoskeleton, 
Complete tubular alimentary canal
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12
Q

Arthropods share 13 total characteristics what are 6-10?

A 
Open circulatory system
hemocoel present
Dorsal Brain and ventral nerve cord
Striated skeletal muscles
Excretion via anus
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13
Q

Hemo=

coel=

A

blood

hollow

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14
Q

Arthropods share 13 total characteristics what are 11-13

A

Gills or Treachea+ Spiracles
Lacking cilia and nephridia
Dioecious

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15
Q

Arthropods body plan is______ and has ______

A

segmented ,2-3 tagma

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16
Q

Arthropods common ancestor has how many segments?

A

20

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17
Q

Tagma-

A

Grouped together segments fro specialized body function.

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18
Q

Tagmosis-

A

process of grouping together segments

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19
Q

5 subphylum of Arthropods-

A 
Trilobita
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
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20
Q

Subphylum Trilobita-

A

dominated cambrian and ordovician seas

extinct

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21
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata-

A

no antenna
6 pairs of appendages
2 distinct tagma- prosoma, opisthosoma

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22
Q

Prosoma-

Opisthosoma-

A

infront,body

posteriorly

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23
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata: Class_______

5 focal orders:

A 
Arachnidia
Araneae
Acari
Scorpiones
Pseudoscorpiones
Opiliones
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24
Q

Araneae-

A 
Prosoma (1-8)
All have 6 pairs of appendages
-eyes
First Pair : Chelicera with venom glands
Second pair: pedi
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25
Araneae First Pair :
Chelicera with venom glands
26
Araneae Second Pair:
Pedipalps- put out sperm
27
Delivery method in males Araneae:
Embolus
28
Araneae Pairs 3-6:
Walking legs
29
Opisthosoma:
Spinnerets, Silk glands reproductive, respiratory systems Usually soft- unsclerotised
30
Usually soft-
Unsclerotised
31
Uses of silk(6)
``` line burrows molting chambers Wrap egg sacs Sperm webs Ballooning ```
32
Book lungs-
blood filled, alternating layered respiratiory structures that facilitate gas exchange
33
Oxygen is carried by the ______
Hemolymph
34
What are the two types of medically important venomous Araneae?
Latrodectus sp.- black widow | Loxosceles reclusa- brown recluse
35
Acari-
``` mites and ticks -oval body- no differentation between tagma immature are larva 3 pairs of legs 4th pair on first molt ```
36
Mites-
varied life history- predators, parasites herbivors, detritivores. Demodex sp. - eyelash mites Sarcoptes scabiei- scabies
37
Ticks-
external parasite lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, Ehrlichiosis Blood feeders- cement in place
38
Scorpiones-
Opisthosoma divided - metasosmoa and metasoma Sting- venomus Pedipalps- moddified into claws predacious
39
Pseudoscorpiones-
Opisthosoma rounded has no sting very small venom gland on pedipalps
40
Opiliones-
Harvestmen - daddy long legs Prosoma, opisthosoma broadly joined- looks like one tagma Long legs Predatory scavengers
41
Subphylum Crustacea-
crustaceans Two pair of antennae Mandiable mouth parts 2 tagma and 3 tagma
42
Subphylum Crustacea two tagma- | three tagma-
cephalothorax,abdomen | head, thorax, abdomen
43
Order Isopoda
Terrestrial isopods -sow bugs, pill bugs, rolly polly under stones, boards, bark - moist environment some pests- cultivated pests
44
Subphylum Myriapoda
two tagma- head and trunk, one pair of antennae
45
Class Diplopoda
milipedes most body rings- diplosegments with 2 pair of legs on 7th pair on males used for sperm transfer
46
Body cylindrical or flattened, with legs under body.
Gonopods
47
based stain that stain skin, chemical burns, smells bad
Quinone
48
Class Chilopoda-
one pair of legs per body segment-latteral on body first segment modified for vemon habitat in soil under rocks in rotten logs centipedes
49
little change in form from sexual maturation.
Ametaboly
50
gradual change in form-nypmhs naiads
Hemimetaboly
51
Abrupt change in form-larva ,pupa
Holometaboly
52
Head had how many segments-
6
53
Thorax has how many segments-
3
54
Abdomen has how many segments
11
55
Hypognathous mouth parts
under or beneath the jaw, right angle to the body
56
Opisthognathous: mouth parts
mouthparts parallel with the body, facing posteriorly
57
prognathous mouth parts
infront of or parallel with the body
58
mandible muscles-
largest in body apodemes originate in vertex reenforced head.
59
Prothorax
-first pair of legs
60
Meosthorax-
2nd pair of legs | first wing pair
61
Metatorax
3rd leg pair | second wing pair
62
Dorsal sclerites-
Tergum
63
Ventral sclerites-
sternum
64
Lateral sclerites-
pleuron
65
Pronotum-
forms shield over head.
66
Mesonotum-
divided into alinotom,postnutom
67
walking /running leg modifications
Gressorial
68
Jumping leg modifications
Saltatorial- enlarged femora, usually hind
69
Grasping leg modifications
raptorials- often spines for holding
70
Digging leg modifications
fossorial- modified femora or tibae
71
Alinotom-
Bears wings, Divided- the scutellum is posterily
72
Postnotum
has a plate like apodeme
73
The sternum is divided into what? What is it not present on?
The Eusternum and the Spinasternum | the Metathorax
74
Name the parts of the leg in order-(6)
Coxa, Trochanter, Femur, Tibia, Tarsus, pretarsus
75
All leg segments have what?
Independent musculation
76
Tarsus is subdivided into?
tarsomeres
77
Pretarsus has what?(2)
Terminal claws and arolium
78
type of leg modification for swimming?
Natatorial- flattened, oarlike with rows of setae
79
Major longitudinal veins in order from top to bottom
Costa, subcosta, radius, medium, cubitus, anal.
80
What are the Fore wings? | what are the hind wings?
Mesathoracic wings. | Metathoracic wings.
81
Leathery forewings-
Tegmina
82
Hardened fore wings, only on coleoptera
Elytra
83
Hadened base, apex membranous - fore wings
Hemelytra
84
Modified hind wings used for stability in flight, that are highly reduced and only in Diptera
Halteres
85
Wings that shed after nuptial flights, ants and termites
Deciduous wings
86
Without wings
Apterous
87
Ancestors never had wings-
primitive
88
Ancestors had wings but were lost through evolution-
Secondary
89
What are spiracles
openings which are used as respiratory system.
90
What segments make up the abdomen?
10-20
91
WHat are the major roles of the abdomen?
locomotion for immatures | Location of heart and reproductive systems
92
What are sensory appendages that appear the 11th segment. Compair them to primitive insects and advanced insects.
Cerci | elongated in primitive and lost in advanced.
93
Structure in abdomen that vibrates to increase the flow of water over for respiratory purposes
Tracheal gills
94
grab and hold onto rough surfaces, with sucker like structure to hold onto smooth structure.
Crochets
95
External reproductive part in males, organ of sperm transfer-
Aedeagus
96
Organ in egg transfer for females, modified into sting of hymenoptera,
Ovipositor
97
blood filled cavity-
hemocoel
98
blood-
hemolymph
99
no smooth muscles are known as-
Striated muscles
100
muscles where one nerve impulse means one contraction same with flight 1 impuse =1 wing beat
Synchronous muscles
101
muscles where one nerve contraction means multiple contractions- what are these used for?
Asynchronous muscles | flight muscles
102
muscles have what kind of origin?
Mesodermal origin
103
Exoskeleton has what kind of origin?
Exodermal origin
104
inward growth structure used for muscle attachment
apodeme
105
muscles of body wall that move through hydraulic pressure by compressing hemolymph
Hydrostatic Skeleton. mostly in larva
106
Have hydrostatic skeleton that move through compression of body wall muscles extends relaxed area.
Apodous Larvae
107
Legged, sclerotized adults movement,
Appendicular muscles- paired Alteration of triangles fore and hind leg of one side and middle of the other.
108
insects that wings move only through up and down movement
Plaeopterous insects | Odonota, Ephemeroptera
109
insects that wings move up and down movement but fold back over the body
Neopterous
110
which type of muscles attach to the wings-
direct flight muscles
111
which type of muscles attach to the thoracic sclerites, deform thorax, and move wings
Indirect flight muscles
112
simple eyes used in detecting light vs. dark
ocelli
113
what type of muscles are only in neoptera?
Indirect flight muscles.
114
in indirect flight muscles what muscle riases wing tip by pulling the notum?
Tergo-sternal muscle
115
in indirect flight muscles what muscle lowers the wing tip by the notum poping lowering the wing tip.
Dorsal-longitudinal muscle.
116
What does direct flight muscles do in neopetra? | in paleoptrera?
folds the wings back | power flight
117
How does flight work in Paleoptrera?
medial most muscle pulls wing-base down and tip up | and lateral most pullwing tip down and base up
118
Type of nerve that recieves external stimuli and transmit to central nervous system
sensory neurons
119
nerve that is between other neurons
interneurons
120
nerves that transmit to muscles-
motor neurons
121
in the cell body what receives stimulus? what passes the signal?
Dendrite | Axon
122
In the nervous system what serves as a junction?
Synapse
123
paired what are along ganglia? and how many of them are there?
ganglia | 1 pair per ancestral segment often fused
124
mass of nerve cells-
ganglia
125
pairs of ganglia 1-6 form?
1-3 brain, 4-6 subesophageal ganglion
126
ganglia pair 7-20 form?
ventral nerve cord
127
Brain is made of up?
Protocerebrum- 1st innervates eyes Deutrocerebrum-2nd innervates antenna Tritocerebrum-3rd not fused together innervates labrum,forgut
128
Subesophageal ganglion functions
below esausaphgus circumesophageal nerves connect to brain mandibles,maxillae, labium
129
The Endocrine system-
produces horomones internally and regulates physiological responce Neurosecretory cells
130
modified neurons, secretes horomones, PTTH
Neurosecretory cells
131
Neurograndular bodies, lateral to aorta, posterior to brain | Stores, releases PTTH
Corpora cardiaca
132
releases ecdysteroids
Prothoracic gland
133
Molting horomone-
Ecdysone
134
produces juvenile horomone
Corpora allata
135
Functions of the circulatory system(8)
``` Hydrostatic skeleton Horomone transfer Waste transfer nutrient transfer moisten cells immune responce thermoregulation internal pressure ```
136
blood cells-
hemocytes
137
single cell that brings in material-
Phagocytosis -
138
multiple cells around a foreign body
Encapsulation-
139
wound care
coagulation
140
functions of hemocytes-
``` phagocytosis encapsulation coagulation storage distribution of nutrients ```
141
How does the circulatory system work?
the heart is closed posteriorly and the aorta is open anteriorly. hydraulic pressure pushes from the heart outward. when the heart relaxes the ostia . muscles contract and move blood anteriorly in DV exists aorta in head. Circulates anterior to posterior
142
small lateral slits in the heart that allow hemocoel into the dorsal vessel. one way openings
ostia
143
Cavities housing internal structures
Sinuses
144
Pericardial Sinus
dorsal vessel within, above dorsal diaphram, alary muscles support Dorsal vessel
145
Perineural sinus
ventral nerve cord within, below ventral diaphram, contractions aid circulation
146
highly branched, reaches all tissue. used in gas exchange.
Tracheal system
147
tube like that carry oxygen in and carbon dioxide out
trachea
148
trachea =
invaginations of ectoderm, lined with cuticle,
149
spiral braces=
taenidia
150
smallest form of trachea, blind ,fluid filled. site of gas exchange
tracheoles
151
Air sacks-
extensions of trachia lack taenidia multiple functions
152
functions of air sacs-
``` oxygen resivores Bellows- air disribution Low weight- big size- flight Internal pressure- molt Occupy space- growth from 40% to 4% ```
153
Open tracheal system
spiracles open to outside air, sometimes gas gills
154
close tracheal system
Spiracles absent, cutaneous gas excange, tracheal gills
155
Characteristics of solid feeders-
wide,striaght short gut strong musculature protection from abrasion
156
characteristics of liquid feeders-
Narrow,convoluted,long gut removes excess water no protection
157
3 major regions of the gut
Stomodeum,Mesenteron, Proctodeum
158
Stomodeum-
ingestion, storage, grinding. ectodermal origin
159
ectodermal origin
intima
160
endodermal origin
no intima
161
Mesenteron-
Ezyematic digestion, absorption, no intima
162
Proctodeum-
Water, salt absorption, intima
163
preoral cavity-
area between base mouthparts, food manipulated here, saliva added here
164
Pharynx
swallowing food
165
Esophagus
peristaltic movement, moves food
166
Crop-
food storage
167
Proventriculus
valve, grinding solids.
168
Stromodeum Structure
Foregut
169
Mesenteron struction-
midgut
170
Ventricles-
connects stomoproctodeum
171
Gastric Cerca
blind extensions ,surface area
172
Peritrophic membrane
Surrounds food bolus,permeable- small molecules | Protective-keeps bacteria isolated.
173
Proctodeum Structure-
hindgut, connects to anus
174
Pylorus-
valve, malpighian tubules
175
illum ,colon, rectum
water, salt absorption
176
living together-
symbiont
177
Symbiotic bacteria, protozoans produce?
cellulase
178
feeding off secretions of conspecifics-
Trophallaxis oral-oral oral,nal
179
Removal of metabolic wastes, waste in generated cells
Excretion
180
Metabolic waste and undigested food.
Frass
181
solid,dehydrated frass
terrestrial
182
water balance,ion balance, malpighian tubules, hindgut
osmoregulation
183
Blind extensions of proctodeum, free in hemolymp
Malpighian tubules
184
uric acid
not water soluble,crystallized form deposited
185
female-
makes eggs,coatings; store, transport, release sperm have paired ovaries lateral oviducts common oviduct
186
In female insects what stores sperm?
Spermatheca
187
Accessory glands female
protect, cement eggs down, venom glands(hymenoptera)
188
Male-
produce,store, transport spermatozoa paired testies vas deferens
189
vas deferens-
tube for transport, expands posteriorly,
190
Accessory glands male
produce spermatophore produce seminal fluid compounds to female
191
spermatophore-
Sack of sperm
192
Ejaculatory duct
move sperm out gonopore

General Entomology (8 decks)

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