Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Sense organs, Cuticular modifiacation
A
Sensilla
2
Q
What are the 4 types of ways insects can sense.
A
Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical
Visual
3
Q
________a tactile mechanoreceptor composed of what 3 three parts
A
Trichoid Sensilla
trichogen cell, tormagen cell, and sensory neuron
4
Q
Trichogen cell-
A
seta
5
Q
Tormogen cell-
A
Setal Socket, holds hair
6
Q
Sensory neuron-
A
receives stimulious
7
Q
What are the ways sound is trasmitted?
What are the 2 types of reception?
What Order does cortship depend on sound?
A
by vibrations through Air.Substrate, Water.
tympanal and non-tympanal
Orthoptera
8
Q
Tymphanal are made up of what?
A
Tympanum and Chordotonal organs, have multiple independent evolutionary origins- different species have in different parts of the body.
9
Q
Membrane over cavity that receives vibrations from distant sources.
A
Tympanum
10
Q
Linked to membrane by the sub-cuticular, sense vibration
A
Chordotonal Organs
11
Q
Non Tympanal receptors are made up of what?
A
Near-field sound, Trichoid sensilla, Johnstons organ.
12
Q
What detects sound from close distances?
A
Near-field sound
13
Q
What is deflected by vibration and often on the cerci?
A
Trichoid Sensilla
14
Q
What is present on male mosquitoes and midges that detects wing beat frequency of females?
A
johnstons organs
15
Q
2 ways sound are produced?
A
Stridulation and Tymbal Organ
16
Q
Rubbing body parts together?
how do crickets/katydids do it?
grasshoppers?
A
Stridulation
wing/wing
leg to wing
17
Q
Distortion of the cuticle for sound production?
A
Tymbal Organ, cicada
18
Q
What are the 3 forms of thermoregulation?
A
Poikilothermic, Ectothermy, Endothermy
19
Q
Type of thermoregulation in which a constant temperature cannot be maintained?
A
Poikilothermic
20
Q
Thermoregulation that is behavioral and relies on external heat sources.
A
Ectothermy- basking, hiding
21
Q
Thermoregulation that is physiological where heat is internally generated.
What produces heat?
A
Endothermy
Flight Muscles, in/before flight
22
Q
Form of sensory involving Taste and smell, in many locations, where the molecules interact with a receptor in the sensilla that contain pores?
A
Chemoreception
23
Q
What locations are involved in chemoreception?
A
Antennae, Tarsi, Mouthparts
24
Q
Describe Sensilla with pores/holes
A
They allow entry of molecules and can be uniporous and multiporous. The molecules interact with the receptor and cause sensory neuron impulses.
25
regulate interspecific and intraspecific reactions
Semiochemicals
26
regulate reactions and are recieved by same species.
Pheromones
27
Glands ducted to the outside
Exocrine glands
28
What are the interspecific interactions-
Kariomones- benefit reciever
Allomones- Benefit producer
Synomones- benefit both
29
Pheromones have 2 functions, what are they?
| what are the 5 major Kinds?
Primer- irreversible psychological change
Releaser- triggers a behavior
sex, aggregation, spacing, trail, alarm
30
What are 2 functions of Sex Pheromones?
Attractant pheromones- attracts at a distance, produced by females because eggs hold more power.
Courtship Pheromones- Behaviors when near, used in pest control.
31
Type of pheremone that both sexs produce and respond to that calls in other members of the species.
What are advantages to this?
Insects that exhibit this usually show what kind of social system?
Aggregation pheromone
overcomes defenses and shares resources.
Typicaly Eusocial
32
This pheromone prevents overcrowding and is a dispersal pheromone.
When is it used, what does it do, and what use it?
Spacing pheromones
after aggergation
limits the #of individuals, and keeps resources from being spread to thin.
Used by bark beetles.
33
Type of pheromone used by Eusocial insects like ants, that is highly volitile and often leads toward food.
Trail Pheromones
34
Pheromone type used by eusocial insects that trigger responses to predators, threats to colony, defense, stinging, biting, or spraying.
Non-eusocial use them to escape from predator.
Alarm pheromones
35
What are cells with light sensitive molecules called?
| What two are found in insects?
Photoreceptors
| Rhabdom and rentinula
36
Describe dermal detection?
light detection through the exoskeleton without eyes,
37
What type of larvae lack compound eyes?
homometabolous larvae
38
What is the name for the larval ocelli and what are the parts?
```
Stemmata,- mostly light and dark
Corneal lens
crystalline body- focuses light
Rhabdom
pigment cells
```
39
Describe the functions of the adult ocelli-
| what is it made up of?
between 1-3 that form a triangular shape on top of the head. light and dark, involved in circadian rhythem.
A singular corneal lens with a clear cuticle, many rhabdoms(surrounded by pigment cells) and retinula cells.
40
What are retinula cells?
light sensitive sensory neurons, the axons converge, and synapse with 1 few interneurons
41
facets of the compound eye that allow near 360 vision.
Ommatidia
42
What makes up the ommatidium structure.
Corneal lens, a crystalline cone, Retinula cells(6-10), Rhabdom, pigment cells
43
Describe the parts and functions of the compound eyes.
the corneal lens and crystalline cone focus light to the retinula cells and rhabdom.
The rhabdom and retinula cells converts stimulus to nerve impulses passing impulse to nerves connecting to protocerebrum.
44
What do the pigment cells do?
they can isolate adjacent ommatidia
45
Eyes where the pigment cell is fixed, and the ommatidia are isolated, 1 lens +1 cone to one rhabdium.
What are these better suited for?
Apposition eyes
| Day time
46
Eyes where the pigment cells can expand, close off clear zone and the ommatidia are not isolated multiple lenses to crystalline cones to 1 rhabdom.
when are they used most?
Superposition eyes
| when there is low light conditions.
47
Describe the process of light production in insects?
| How is flashing controlled?
A complex chemical reaction involving an enzyme, substrate, and energy source. Lucifern is oxidized by luciferase (using oxygen and ATP) producing oxyluciferin , CO2, and Light.
Flashing is controlled by the releasetime of ATP.
48
What family produces light?
Lampyridae, larvae us to warn predators. cooped in adult mobile male flash, and sedentary female response.
49
Dispersal, forming large aerial groups.
Whats sex is it mostly made up of?
what does it promote?
Swarming
Males
Outbreeding.
50
Forms a large substrate-borne group.
| What does the male do?
Lekking
| males defend their territory.
51
Describe Courtship-
| What are the 4 types?
Close range, precopulatory interaction involved with species recognition and mate assessment.
visual, tactile, auditory, Nuptial gifts
52
Spermatophore-
Sperm sac given to the female to be consumed during sperm transfer.
53
Nuptial gift-
| 2 orders that do this?
Gift given to female for an oppertunity to mate if the female accepts.
Mecoptera- food, better quality longer duration.
Orthoptera- use spermatophores.
54
Two types of sexual selection-
Intersexual selection- female choice, song ,gift, display
| Intrasexual selection- male male competition, apparent sexual dimorphism.
55
Dimorphism-
Males and female look very different. some beetles have horns.
56
What are the two types of sperm transfer?
Indirect- Spermatophore in environment, orthoptera
| Direct- Male passes to female, can use spermatophore, semen through copulation.
57
Copulation-
Sexual intercourse, in insects sperm is deposited directly into spermatheca or genital chamber.
58
Depositing sperm in the genital chamber vs spermatheca.
The genital chamber directly makes eggs, the Spermatheca stores sperm
59
In what organ do secretions join sperm in males?
| What are its functions?
Accessory Glands
Lubrication
energy source
regulate female physiology
60
Organ in femals involved in sperm storage-
Spermatheca- can store for multiple years, long term is through Spermathecal Gland secretions.
61
Describe Fertilization-
Ovaries produce eggs, to calyx, lateral oviduct, median oviduct to genital chamber. Spermatheca open as eggs pass duct and contact sperm through micropyles
62
Canals in egg shells for sperm entry
Micropyles
63
Sex determination-
most insects are diploid, and the sex is based on the dosage of X chromosomes, XX is female and X- is male. Males created by not being fertilized by sperm.
64
XY system
Humans have this, XX is homogametic female
| and XY is heterogametic male. Fruit flies use this.
65
ZW system-
Homogametic where males have ZZ and femals are heterogametic and have ZW, Lepidoptera.
66
Where females are diploid and males are haploid is called what?
Haplodiploidy ex) hymenoptera
67
Describe Oviparity-
eggs laid on or close to resources, most insects, habitat specific,
68
egg laying tube-
ovipositor
69
Hardened egg case
Ootheca mantodea product of the fucking accessory glands.
70
Egg is retained in female but no nourishment is required.
Ovoviviparity
71
Egg is retained in female but nourished by female.
Viviparity
72
Development from ufertilized eggs
Parthogenesis
73
only females are produced
Thelytoky
74
only males are produced
Arrhenotoky
75
Both sexs are produced
Deuterotoky
76
When the male inseminates female by penetrating the body wall.
Traumatic Insemination- sperms in the hemocoel
77
1 egg, multiple embryos
polyembryony
78
Pattern of growth
Ontogeny
79
allows for an increase in volume but not weight, development of new cuticle.
Molting
80
Shedding of old exoskeleton
Ecdysis
81
Change in size at molt
Molt increment
82
emergence from egg to first molt,
| between molt 1 and molt 2
instar 1
| instar 2
83
intermolt period, duration of the instar
Stadium
84
type of growth where never stop molting
Indeterminate
85
Type of growth where molting stops at certain instar.
| what is this molt called?
Determinate
| Imago-
86
change in form over a lifetime
metamorphosis
87
No metamorphosis, all apterygote hexapods(wingless)
Ametabody
88
if the immatures do not undergo metamorphosis and resemble adults what makes them different from the adults? what are their life stages?
they lack reproductive structures.
| egg-nymph-adult
89
immatures are wingless minature adults, incomplete metamorphosis-
What are the stages of growth
hemimetaboly, wings develop
egg-nymph/naiad- adult
gradual
90
Complete metamorphosis, immatures completely different than adult
what are the stages of growth?
Holometaboly -abrupt
| egg-larvae(3 instars)- pupa- adult
91
groups of adult cells in immatures are called-
imaginal discs
92
emergence from an egg-
Eclosion
93
Similarties between a nymph and naiad-
both are hemimetabolous,
nymphs- similar to adult,smaller wingless same biology
Naiads similar to adult, smaller wingless, different biology, has gills-aquatic
94
Larva-
homometabolous immature, different than adult, different biology
95
type of larva with thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs
Polypod larva- eruciform
96
type of larva with thoracic legs only
Oligopod larva- elateriform
97
no thoracic legs, with/without developed head.
Apod larva vermiform
98
When there are multiple larval types-
| whats it called when they are mobile early-
Hypermetamorphis
| Triungulin
99
molting to pupa
pupation
100
Fully developed adult still in pupal cuticle
Pharate adult
101
pupal type where appendages free from the body(looks like body)
Exarate
102
Larval cuticle pupal type (big sac)
| what is used to break out?
Coarctate
| ptilinum
103
pupal type When appendages are glued to the body-(looks like skinny tube)
Obtect
104
Describe Adult insects-
Reproductive/ disperals stage.
non insect hexapods continue to molt
some reproduce and die.
105
type of insects that dont molt as adults
Pterygote
106
Describe the process of molting-
1. Begins with apolysis- epidermis seperates from cuticle,
2. the epidermis grows by mitotic division
3. The apolysial space fills with molting fluid
4. new cuticle is produced by epidemal cells to epicuticle to procuticle.
5. old endocuticle is reabsorbed
6. Ecdysis and exuvia
7. Expanding the new cuticle by swallowing are/hemolymph pressure
107
Ecdysis-
| Exuvia-
old cuticle splits down middle by increased hemolymph pressure.
Shedding
108
Describe PTTH
Prothoracicotropic horomone, targets prothoracic gland to produce ecdysteroids that target epidermal cells.
109
JH
juvenile hormone
high levels suppress adult features
in low levels hemimetabolous- to adult
homometablous- to pupa(if its absent at pupa -adult)
110
ETH-
| EH
Ecdysis triggering horomone- causes muscle detachment
| Eclosion horomone- triggers behaviors of escaping exuvia
111
Voltinism-
```
# of generations per year
1-univoltine, 2- bi, 3- multi, over a year-semi
varies geographically, used in cropping systems
```
112
Period of dormancy, adaptive physiological changes
Diapause
113
Coleoptera
Neuroptera-
hemiptera-
2-10 Cermabycidae- quality of food
2-5 Corydalidae -water temp dependent
13-17 Cicadidae- major emergencies
114
required, predictable Diapause
| what are some factors:
Obligatory
| Same life stage,same cues each year(photoperiod,temp)
115
responsive, less predictable
| factors:
Facultative
| not tied to life stage, resource induced,more common.
116
Factors of Diapause :
| what life stage can it occur?
physiological changes
Normal activity ceases-feed,reproduct,growth,
Metabolism decreases-stored energy used
Gas exchange decreases- reduced water loss
any life stage.
117
Diapause in eggs:
larva:
Adult:
development halts
feeding halts
reproduction/feeding halts
118
What drives development-
Heat and physiological time
119
Degree day-
amount of heat over time it takes to develop
formula:
(Max+Min)/2 -Min threshold
used to predict life cycle
