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Cultural Anthropology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

ethnology

A

comparison of different cultures based on the ethnographies about them

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2
Q

archaeology

A

study of prehistory (times before writing)

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3
Q

culture

A

learned and shared behaviors that can and do change with time

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4
Q

hominin

A

bipedal primates/ tribe that includes humans

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5
Q

allophone

A

variant of a phoneme

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6
Q

parallel cousins

A

children of siblings of the same sex

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7
Q

cross cousins

A

children of siblings of opposite sexes

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8
Q

sororal polygamy

A

type of polygamy where a man is married to a woman and her sisters

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9
Q

exogamy

A

marriage outside group

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10
Q

totem

A

emblem of a clan

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11
Q

participant observation

A

main method of ethnography

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12
Q

ethnography

A

written description of a culture and work required to get data to write monograph

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13
Q

ethnohistory

A

refers to old writings about cultures??? Or study of the past of people who don’t have writing systems or histories of their own?

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14
Q

artifacts

A

things people make

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15
Q

sites

A

places where people made things

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16
Q

hominid

A

human family; includes humans, fossil humans, and our ape relatives

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17
Q

primates

A

order that includes humans

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18
Q

4 types of anthropology

A

1) Biological (physical) anthropology

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19
Q

cultural anthropology

A

study of contemporary peoples and their culture

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20
Q

holism

A

what anthropology aspires to be; trying to understand the human species in its entirety

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21
Q

classics

A

anthropology dealing with Egypt, Greece, etc

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22
Q

Biological anthropology

A

study of evolution and how humans are related to other primates; how primates relate to human behaviors

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23
Q

Homo sapiens

A

member of hominin tribe (us + our ancestors going back 4 MYA)

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24
Q

bipedalism

A

walking on 2 legs

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25
Ardipithecus
first hominin discovered, was bipedal and had prehensile hands and feet, lived in trees
26
prehensile
able to grasp things
27
spinal cord in center of skull
identifying mark of bipedalism
28
spinal cord toward back of skull
indicates not having bipedalism
29
Australopithecus
bipedal primate found in Laetoli, had larger brains, lived on African savannah
30
Laetoli
volcanic valley in Africa where Australopithecus was found
31
Homo habilis
first genus to be found with tools, had larger brains than Australopithecus, only lived in Africa
32
Homo erectus
first hominin to leave Africa, double the brain size of Australopithecus, used fire to cook and hunt, like had spears, likely had sophisticated level of communication
33
characteristics of primates
1) large brains relative to body size
34
theory of self
concept of knowing oneself; ability to recognize oneself in a mirror
35
theory of mind
understanding others know different things than you know and that others can have different thoughts than yours; ex: ability to point to something and have someone know to look where you are pointing
36
primate culture examples
grooming type varies by region and tool use varies by region
37
human taxonomy
Class: Mammals
38
linguistic anthropology
study of languages that are lesser-known or disappearing
39
phoneme
contrasting sound
40
bilabial
you have to close your lips to say it (p and b)
41
minimal pair
two words that vary only by one sound (pit and bit)
42
society
groups of people that share a common culture
43
cultural relativism
premise that all cultures are equally good and morally right
44
ethnocentrism
belief that one's own culture is superior to others
45
diffusion
cultural borrowing; can indicate how culture changes
46
archaeology
study of the past and includes all humans of all times in the past; studies artifacts at sites
47
simple hunter gatherers
tend to build simple huts, can live in extreme environments (such as Saami, inuit), lower population density, immediate return on food, no surplus
48
complex hunter gatherers
uncommon, not mobile, do not have agriculture, but do intensify use of resources around them, live in more dense sedentary settlements, produce surplus
49
Pleistocene
ice ages, 2 MYA-10 KYA
50
Holocene
10 KYA - Present
51
epoch
eras such as Pleistocene and Holocene
52
5 places agriculture rose
Mesopotamia, Southeast Asia, Mexico, Pero, China
53
benefit of agriculture
allowed people to grow more food than population required (surplus) which allowed human population to rapidly grow
54
band
collection of households
55
urbanization
congregation in cities
56
intensification
manipulation of areas of land tog et maximum permanent use out of it (terracing, irrigation, etc)
57
sedentism
living in one place continuously
58
tribe
people who speak the same language and have the same heritage and ideas
59
matrilineal
descended through females
60
clan
describes married persons of the same sex living together
61
levirate
when a brother has a claim to his dead brother's wives
62
benefit of Tiwi diet and exercise levels
gave them strength, endurance, and speed
63
acephalous society
society with no leader or head
64
reciprocity
giving something and expecting something back in return
65
cultural universals
1) Humans depend on each other in groups
66
taboo
banned behaviors
67
incest taboo
arguable defines us as humans, the ban on people having sex with their siblings
68
reciprocal economy
people tend to not explicitly calculate value of gifts
69
productivity (language)
possibility of having infinity new utterances
70
displacement (language)
ability to reference past or future, or places where you are not currently
71
morphemes
strings of phonemes; units of limited individual meaning
72
characteristics of language
1) productivity
73
religion
organized belief in phenomenon that cannot be demonstrated scientifically or empirically, involves concept of supernatural and things not evident to senses
74
tautology
saying the same things right after another (circular logic)
75
art
tends to be associated with earliest evidence of religion
76
ascribed status
status that is inherited and cannot be changed (how we are related to our relatives)
77
achieved status
status that you can change (poor-->rich)
78
affines
relatives by marriage (in-laws)
79
rite of initiation
when a youth is put through an ordeal in which he/she is isolated from society and goes through a transition
80
properties of rites of initiation
separation, transition, reincorporation
81
birth rights
children are named after it is known they will live past infancy
82
teknonymy
parents are renamed once their children are named

Cultural Anthropology (4 decks)

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