Test 1 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Seeks to understand how and why people - all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age - change over time.
A
Science of Human Development
2
Q
A way to answer questions that require empirical research and data-based conclusions.
A
Scientific Method
3
Q
The repetition of study, using different participants. (conclusions are revised, refined, and confirmed after this process)
A
Replication
4
Q
Refers to the influence of the genes that people inherit.
A
Nature
5
Q
Refers to environmental influences, beginning with health and diet of the embryo’s mother and continuing lifelong, including family, school, community, and society.
A
Nuture
6
Q
The term used to describe an infant’s unexpected death (usually between 2-6 months old when baby suddenly stops breathing & dies while asleep).
A
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
7
Q
An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood.
A
Lifespan perspective
8
Q
Change can occur rapidly and dramtically
A
Discontinuity
9
Q
Growth can be gradual
A
Continuity
10
Q
A time when a particular type of developmental growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen.
A
Critical Period
11
Q
A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily, although it may still happen later with more difficulty.
A
Sensitive Period
12
Q
The view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.
A
Ecological-systems approach
13
Q
Each persons immediate surroundings (ex: family and peer group)
A
Microsystem
14
Q
Local institutions (ex: school and church)
A
Exosystem
15
Q
how microsystem and exosystem interact (ex: family and teachers)
A
Mesosystem
16
Q
Larger social settings (ex: cultural values, economic policies, political processes)
A
Macrosystem
17
Q
Time system (what has happened over time)
A
Chronosystem
18
Q
A group defined by the shared age of its members, who, because they were born at about the same time, move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts.
A
Cohort
19
Q
A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence. (social class)
A
Socioeconomic status (SES)
20
Q
A system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions.
A
Culture
21
Q
A concept constructed, or made, by a society. (affects how people think and behave and what they value, ignore, and punish)
A
Social Construction
22
Q
The mistaken belief that deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics that meet the standard.
A
Difference-equals-deficit error
23
Q
People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who share a language, culture, and religion.
A
Ethnic group
24
Q
Referring to the effects of environment forces on the expression of an individual’s, or a species’, genetic inheritance.
A
Epigenetic
25
A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between a person's physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including the family and society.
Dynamic-systems approach
26
The idea that some people are more vulnerable than others are to certain experiences, usually because of genetic differences.
Differential sensitivity
27
A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motivates, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory
28
A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how/why people change.
Developmental theory
29
As the value of one variable changes, the value of another variable changes. (positive, negative, zero)
Correlation
30
An in-depth study of one person, usually requiring personal interviews to collect background information and various follow-up discussions, tests, questionnaires, and so on.
Case Study
31
A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics.
Cross-sectional research
32
A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.
Longitudinal research
33
A hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (cross-sectional) and then follow those groups over the years (longitudinal).
Cross-sequential research
34
An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population.
Norm
35
A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth.
Headsparing
36
Brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
37
One of billions of nerve cells in the CNS, especially in the brain.
Neurons
38
The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve this.
Cortex
39
The area of the cortex at the very front. (anticipation, planning, and impulse control)
Prefrontal cortex
40
A fiber that extends from a neuron and TRANSMITS electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
Axon
41
A fiber that extends from a neuron and RECEIVES electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.
Dendrites
42
The intersection between axon of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron.
Synapses
43
A brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
Neurotransmitters
44
Pathway across which neurotransmitters carry information from axon from sending neuron to dendrites of receiving neuron.
Synaptic gap
45
The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life.
Transient Exuberance
46
When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die.
Pruning
47
A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.
Shaken baby syndrome
48
The inborn drive to remedy a development deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over.
Self-righting
49
A stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves.
REM (Rapid eye movement) sleep
50
A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room.
Co-sleeping
51
The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, touch, nose) when it detects a stimulus.
Sensation
52
The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation.
Perception
53
The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image.
Binocular vision
54
The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid.
Motor skills
55
Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping.
Gross motor skills
56
Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.
Fine motor skills
57
A process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease.
Immunization
58
A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, server weight loss, and even death.
Protein-calorie malnutrition
59
The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their due to server and chronic malnutrition.
Stunting
60
The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition.
Wasting
61
A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies.
Marasmus
62
A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other disease, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.
Kwashiorkov
63
Piaget's term for the way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during their first period of cognitive development.
Sensorimotor intelligence
64
The realization that objects (including people) still exist even if they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard (8 months).
Object Permanence
65
The stage-five toddle (age 12-18 months) who experiment without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative experiment.
Little Scientist
66
A sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hours or even days later.
Deferred imitation
67
Cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action.
Mirror neuron
68
A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output.
Information-processing theory
69
A perceptual experience that intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment.
Reminder session
70
The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants.
Child-directed speech
71
The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6-9 months old.
Babbling
72
A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
Holophrase
73
A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of hours, that begins at about 18 months of age.
Naming explosion
74
All the methods - word order, verb forms, and so on - that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves.
Grammar
75
Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.
Language acquisition device (LAD)
76
A perspective that combines various aspects of different theories to explain how language, or any other developmental phenomenon, occurs.
Hybrid theory
77
organized into genes
DNA
78
variation of gene
Allele
79
genetic composition
Genotype
80
Physical manifestation of your genetic composition
Phenotype
81
A group of individuals in a species showing closer genetic relationships within the group than to members of other such groups.
Hartl & Clark (1997) RACE
82
Children focuses on the aspects of their environment that match their genetic abilities (child goes and joins sports)
Active (gene)
83
The environment provides opportunities that connect with genetic make-up (parents enroll him in sports)
Passive (environment)
84
The child's genetic make-up leads them to behave in ways that evoke influences. (parents enroll him in sport because child has too much energy/behaving in particular way)
Evocative (gene-environment)
85
First two weeks of life (rapid cell division and differentiation)
Germinal Period
86
Nine weeks to Birth (30-39 weeks) (brain develops and grows further)
Fetal Period
87
sufficient enough to survive on its own - 22 weeks
Age of viability
88
Any physical agent or condition that can impair prenatal development (ex: alcohol, drugs, some prescription drugs)
Teratogen
89
Process of forming synapses - growing dendrites (lots of synapses and dendrites) & connecting neurons
Synaptogenesis
90
The process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move more quickly.
Myelination
91
Gives children tasks to do to see where they have developed.
Naturalistic observation
92
organized patterns of thinking about the world (idea of a car)
Schemas
93
Experiences are interpreted to fit into old ideas
Assimilate
94
Old ideas are reconstructed to include new experiences
Accommodation
95
Probably a result of immature digestion
Colic
96
A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants at about 6 months after birth.
Social smile
97
The primary stress hormone; fluctuations in this affect human emotion.
Cortisol
98
Clinging and crying when a familiar caregiver is about to leave.
Separation Anxiety
99
Fear of unfamiliar people, especially when they move too close, too quickly.
Stranger Wariness
100
A person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.
Self-awareness
101
Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person's typical responses to the environment.
Temperament
102
A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.
Synchrony
103
An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.
Still-face technique
104
"An affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.
Attachment
105
A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.
Secure attachment (type B)
106
A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.
Insecure-avoidant attachment (type A)
107
A pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.
Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type C)
108
A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.
Disorganized attachment (type D)
109
A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to stress of various adults' comings and going in an unfamiliar playroom.
Strange situation
110
Mouth is the young infants primary source of gratification
Oral stage
111
Infant's main pleasure comes from the anus - particularly from the sensual pleasure of bowel movements and, eventually, the psychological pleasure of controlling them.
Anal stage
112
Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs(for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.
Trust v. Mistrust
113
Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
114
The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behaviors of others.
Social learning
115
Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.
Distal Parenting
116
Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.
Proximal Parenting
117
In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences.
Working model
118
Literally, "other-care"; the care of children by people other than the biological parents.
Allocare
119
Child care that includes several children of various ages and usually occurs in the home of a woman who is paid to provide it.
Family day care
120
Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for that purpose, where several paid adults care for many children.
Center day care
121
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operations, formal operations
Stages of Development
122
seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous objects or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions'
Social referencing
