Test 2 Flashcards
(114 cards)
The tendency of children to insist on having things done in a particular way. This can include clothes, food, bedtimes routines, and so on.
Just right
Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be less harmful if proper controls are in place.
Injury control/harm reduction
actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.
Primary prevention
actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections.
Secondary prevention
actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness, injury, or abuse) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability.
Tertiary prevention
The area of the cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control.
Prefrontal cortex
The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds up transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
Myelination
The tendency to persevere in, or stick in, one thought or action for a long time.
Perseveration
A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.
Corpus callosum
Literally, “sidedness,” referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.
Lateralization
The major brain region crucial to the development of emotional expression and regulation; its three main areas are the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus, although recent research has found that many other areas of the brain are involved with emotions.
Limbic system
A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. (arousing)
Amygdala
A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for location.
Hippocampus
A brain area that respond to the amygdala and hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.
Hypothalamus
Piaget’s term for cognitive development between ages of 2-6 yrs; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible.
Preoperational intelligence
The concept that an object or word can stand for something else, including something pretend or something not seen. Once symbolic thought is possible, language becomes much more useful.
Symbolic thought
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.
Animism
A characteristics of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.
Centration
Piaget’s term for young children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own perspective.
Egocentrism
A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.
Focus on appearance
A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is how has always been and always will be.
Static reasoning
A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
Irreversibility
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance changes.
Conservation
Vygotsky’s terms for the skills - cognitive as well as physical - that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
