Test 1 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Minoan Culture
A
- Arose on Crete 3rd/2nd millennia B.C.E (Bronze Age)
- Height of civilization was 1900-1400 B.C.E
- Built large palaces, most important was Cnossos
- Did not have strong defensive walls
- 3 forms of writing: Hieroglyphics, Linear A, and Linear B( early form of Greek)
2
Q
Mycenaean Culture
A
- Thrived in Mainland of Aegean 1600-1200 B.C.E (Bronze Age)
- Height was 1400-1200 B.C.E
- Centered in Mycenae
- Warrior people with fortified cities
- Non-indo- European language
Used early Greek language for inventory - Disappeared by 1100 B.C.E
3
Q
Hellenic Greece
A
The period from the Bronze Age to Alexander the Great 1100-300 B.C.E
4
Q
Hellenistic Greece
A
Period of 3 centuries- beginning with Alexander the Great- when Greek culture spread well beyond its homeland to Egypt and deep in to Asia
5
Q
Greek Middle(Dark) Ages
A
- 1100-750 B.C.E
- Happened in Greek mainland, Aegean Islands, Asia Minor
- Writing disappeared after fall of Mycenae
- Best source of info during this period is Homer’s epic poems
6
Q
Greek Migration
A
- Aegean Sea became “Great Lake”
- Greeks turned inward and each community was left for their own devices.
7
Q
Homeric Society
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Kings not as powerful as Mycenaean rulers and consulted with nobles
8
Q
Hierarchical Society
A
Basically nobles and everyone else
- Nobles
- Thetes (Farmers)
- Landless Laborers (Most vulnerable)
- Slaves
9
Q
Homeric Values
A
- Aristocratic Values
- Highest Virtue
- Central Ethical Ideas
10
Q
Aristocratic Values
A
Strength, Courage, Honor, and Reputation
11
Q
Highest Virtue
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Manliness/ Courage
12
Q
Central Ethical Ideas
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Always be the best and distinguished among others, and don’t shame your family
13
Q
Women in Homeric Society
A
- Main role to bear and raise children
- Most prized qualities: Beauty, constancy, and skill at weaving
- Oversaw servants, sage guarded property
14
Q
Polis
A
- Began as agriculture villages or towns, but not all became cities.
- Politically independent
- Community of Relatives
15
Q
Agora
A
Marketplace or Civic center within a Polis
16
Q
Development of Polis
A
- Greek writing system immerged within a Polis 750 B.C.E
- Aristocratic Republics replaced monarchies
17
Q
Phalanx
A
- Body of hoplite formed in close ranks about 8 deep
- Depended on discipline, Strength, and Courage of individuals working together
18
Q
Hoplite
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- Heavily armored infantrymen; spear and large shield
- Usually battle neighboring Polies for land
19
Q
Tyrant
A
- A monarch who gained power in an unorthodox way and exercised strong one-man rule – often in a constructive and popular way
- Emerged in Greece 700-500 B.C.E
20
Q
Sparta (Military Society)
A
- Age 7- Boys put in Full time military training
- Age 20- Men enrolled into army
- Age 30- Men acquired full citizenship
- Age 60- Required military service completed
- Girls: Not given military, but gymnastic
training, taught like the boys to serve the state
21
Q
Sparta (Government)
A
- Had 2 Kings equal power (Monarchy)
- Council of Elders 28 men over 60 (Oligarchy)
- Board of Ephors: 5 men elected annually by assembly
22
Q
Athens (Government)
A
- Aristocratic Rule
- Council of Nobles (Areopagus) governed and were the true masters of the state
- Magistrates (Archons)- Council elected 9 archons annually, after 1 year they became a member in the council of nobles.
23
Q
Athens (Troubles and Solutions)
A
- Law Code of Draco (621 B.C.E) - First written law codified/published in Athens
- Reforms of Solon (594B.C.E) - Solon elected as the only archon with extraordinary power to legislate and revise the constitution
24
Q
Solon (Athenian Ruler)
A
- Elected Sole Archon {594 B.C.E)
- Agricultural, economic reforms
- Constitutional Changes: Citizenship expanded, Citizens divided into classes based on wealth, “Council of 400”
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Pisistratus the Tyrant (Athenian Ruler)
- First Athenian Tyrant
- Sought to empower the central government at the expense of the nobles
- Unintentionally fostered Athenian's taste for self-government
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Clisthenes (Athenian Ruler)
- Founder of Democracy
- Furthered reforms of Solon and Pisistratus: increased citizen rolls, decreased power of the aristocracy
- “Council of 500”
- Role of assembly elevated
27
Life in Archaic Greece
- Farmer: Life in Constant turmoil
| - Aristocrat: Life of Leisure and Competition, went to Symposiums and Athletic events
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Symposium
Center of social life in Greece; drinking, party with song, poetry, philosophical debate
29
Herodotus
- Greek Historian known as the "Father of History"
| - Covered Greece's war with Persia
30
Greek Wars Against Persia
- Ionian Rebellion
- Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E) - Persian expedition against Athens defeated
- The Great Invasion (480-479 B.C.E) - Persians under Xerxes vs. Sparta, Athens and Greek League
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The Delian League
- Aim was to free all Greeks from Persian rule
- Athens was the head-runner
- Leadership of Cimon
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Thucydides
- Greek Historian and military commander
| - Focused on the Persian wars long term causes
33
First Peloponnesian War (460-445 B.C.E)
- Athens vs. Sparta
- Early Athenian Dominance
- 449 B.C.E Athens ends war with Persia
- 445 B.C.E 30 Years' Peace
- Athens gives up mainland to Sparta
34
Athenian Empire
- After 455 B.C.E Athenians started taking 1/16 of the Delian League's revenues
- Athenian Alliance changed to Athenian Empire
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Athenian Democracy
- Under Pericles - Freest government yet
- No more class restrictions
- Citizenship limited to those men with two Greek parents
- Popular assembly approves all decisions
- Popular courts, and no standing army or police force
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Court in Athens
- Justice placed in hands of the citizens
- No lawyers, no Judge
- Decision was made by jury usually 501 members no less than 51 and no more than 1501
- Simple majority decided the verdict
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Religion in Greek public life
- Participating in religious life was good citizenship
| - Acting against religious beliefs was acting against the state
38
The Great Peloponnesian War
- Corcyra - Corinth dispute
- Peloponnesian League vs. Athenian Empire
- Persia aids Sparta - Athenian States rebel
- Athenian Empire dismantled 404 B.C.E
39
Classical Period of Greek Culture
| (479-338 B.C.E)
- Creative
- Athenian Golden Age - Between Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
- Attic Tragedy: Sophocles
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Sophocles (495-405 B.C.E)
- Most successful playwright in Athens in the 5th century
- Voted Athens best author
- Athenian people made him a treasurer, General, Advisor, and a hero
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Greek Gods
Had mostly characteristics of Mesopotamian Deities
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Philosophy
Branch of knowledge that deals with ultimate reality, or with existence and the nature and cause of things
43
Thales
- First Greek Philosopher
- 6th century B.C.E
- Attempted to answer questions about nature
44
Xenophanes of Colophon
- 6th century B.C.E
| - Said humans think of the gods as resembling themselves
45
Hippocrates of Cos
- Around 400 B.C.E
- New Practical approach to medicine
- Attempted to cure disease without any attention to super natural forces
46
Sophists
A group of professional teachers who traveled about and received pay for teaching practical techniques of persuasion (rhetoric, dialectic and argumentation)
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Rhetoric
The art of using language effectively to persuade or influence others
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Dialectic
The critical investigation of truth through reasoned argument, often by means of dialogue or discussion
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Argumentation
The interchange of argument, debate
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Hellenistic World
The PERIOD of THREE CENTURIES during which GREEK CULTURE spread to Egypt and into Asia
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Macedonian Conquest
- Phillip of Macedon
- Conquest of Greece (338 B.C.E) - Athens under Demosthenes
- League of Corinth - Formed to invade Persia under Phillip
52
Alexander the Great
- Alexander III (356-323 B.C.E)
- Took Power at Age 20
- Conquered Egypt and Persian empire
- Died of illness at age 33
53
Ptolemy I
- Alexander the Great Successor
| - Founder of the Egyptian Dynasty ending with the death of Cleopatra
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Seleucus I
- Founder of the Mesopotamian Seleucid Dynasty
| - Alexander the Great successor
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Antigonus I
- Founder of the Antigonid Dynasty in Asia Minor and Macedon
- Alexander the Great Successor
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Macedonian Conquest
- Ended Greek independence and the central role of the Polis
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Skepticism
- Thought nothing philosophical could be known
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Cynicism
- Distorted the ideas of Socrates
| - Virtue from deeds not knowledge
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Epicureanism
- Sough happiness through life based on reason
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Stoicism
- Live in Harmony with Gods and nature
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Etruscans
- Most powerful external influence on early Romans
- Rose around 800 B.C.E in Tuscany
- Military Ruling
- Driven out of northern Italy by Celtic people of Gaul
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Etruscan Women
- Had a more active and public role than Greek Women
63
Imperium
- Power to issue commands and enforce them that was granted to kings by the Roman Empire
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Clientage
- Clients (social inferiors) granted protection/assistance by wealthy patrons in exchange for labor, military service, or political support
65
Patricians
- Upper class, monopoly of power and influence, alone could sit in the senate or hold office, forbidden to marry plebeians
66
Plebeians
- Lower class of dependent small farmers, laborers, artisans, clients of nobility - as Rome grew some plebeians grew rich
67
Republic
- A state in which power rests with the people or their representatives - A state without a monarchy
- Roman Republic: According to tradition, created after the noble revolt of 509 B.C.E
68
Roman Constitution
- Unwritten accumulation of laws and customs
69
The Consuls
- 2 patricians elected for 1 year
- Given imperium power
- Led armies, had religious duties, served as judge
- Had veto power
- After Consul he goes to Senate
70
Quaestors
- Financial officials who assisted the consuls
71
Lictors
- Minor officials who accompanied the consuls bearing rods and axe
72
Dictator
- Appointed by consuls with Senate advice for only 6 months, given an imperium inside and outside Rome not limited by appeal
73
Proconsul
Invented to extend the term of the consul who was serving in a long military campaign
74
Praetor
Created to provide commanders for extra campaigns, basic function was judge, but also served as a general with imperium
75
Censors
Senate elected two former consuls for 5 year terms to compile a citizen roll for taxes
76
Senate
- Only continuous deliberative body in the state
| - Controlled the states finances and foreign policy
77
Assembly
- Early Republic army acting in political capacity
- Basic Unit was the century (100 fighting men)
- Elected consuls/magistrates, voted on bills, decided on war/peace, served as court of appeal
78
Tribunes
Elected by plebeian assembly to protect plebeians from the arbitrary power of patrician magistrates
79
Tiberius Gracchus
- Became tribune in 133 B.C.E on program land reform; threatened the power of the senate with appeals to the assembly
80
Gaius Gracchus
- Tribune from 123-122 B.C.E; made further reforms after his brother, appealed to a broad range of groups (equestrian)
81
Marius
Elected consul and sent to end Jugurthine War in Africa – political newcomer
82
Sulla
- Subordinate of Marius who trapped Jugurtha, ending the war – became embittered when credit went to Marius
- Civil war left Sulla as a Dictator
- During his dictatorship Sulla used his power to massacre opponents, neutered the office of the tribune
- Improved the courts and legal system
83
Pompey
- Enormously successful and popular Roman general given wide powers in Spain, then Asia
84
Crassus
- Given command of most of Italy to put down the slave rebellion led by Spartacus
85
Julius Caesar (100-44B.C.E)
- Caesar was elected consul (59 B.C.E) and quickly enacted the Triumvirs' program
- Caesar concurred Gaul, but Pompey took power in his absence
- Because of Civil War Caesar granted "Dictator for life"
- Caesar assassinated by a senate conspiracy led by Cassius and Brutus
86
The First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar
Despite few commonalities – united in opposition to the Roman Senate
87
Octavian
- Caesar named his nephew Gaius Octavius (63-14 B.C.E) as his successor, became Octavian
- Was the leader of the west
- Became associated with order, justice, and virtue
- Had a falling out with Antony became Rome vs. Alexandria
- Octavian became the master of the Mediterranean world
88
Antony
- Was leader of the East
- Joined with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, in Alexandria
- Went to war with Octavian
89
Lepidus
- Was leader of Africa, faded quickly
90
Second Triumvirate
- Octavian, Mark Antony, and Aemilius Lepidus
| - Took control of Rome - getting near dictatorial powers
91
Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E)
- Octavian was victorious
- Both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide
- Octavian became leader of the Mediterranean world
92
Why did the Republic fail?
- Empire responsibilities were to much
- Equestrians - new powerful class developed
- Volunteer armies (landless men)
- Military Leaders - Ambitious men who were no longer under control of the Senate or the Constitution
- The result was Civil War
93
Octavian's Monarchy
- The reality of Octavian’s early government despite its republican appearance
94
Princeps
- The republic-evoking title adopted first by Octavian meaning “First Citizen”
95
Augustus
- Octavian’s new semireligious title of veneration, majesty, sacredness
96
Principate
- Name of Augustus’s new regime beginning on 13 January 27 B.C.E.
97
The Augustus Principate
- In 23 B.C.E the senate granted Augustus imperium maius and tribunician power
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Imperium Maius
- Greatest proconsul power
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Tribunician
- Allowed Augustus to conduct business in the Senate
| - Gave him power to veto, immunity from arrest and punishment, and connection with the Roman popular tradition
100
Augustan Administration
- Transferring most functions of the assemblies to the Senate
- Set limit at 600 senators
- Controlled Senate elections
- Divided Rome into regions and wards
- Installed Rome's first fire and police department
- Controlled grain distribution to the poor
- Created organizations to provide a good water supply
- Chose/Removed Governors in the provinces
101
Augustan Army and Defense
- 20 year enlistments, good pay, promised pension money or land
- Attracted merchants to new towns/cities
102
Roman Culture
- High point of Roman Culture came in the last century of the late Republic and during Principate of Augustus
- Reflected not only Greek influence, but unique Roman qualities as well.
103
Cicero
- Was the towering literary figure
104
Sallust
- Great Roman Historian
105
Roman Legal Code
- Developed from a homeland view of the law to a law of peoples through contact with foreign peoples; influence of Greek ideas
106
Lucretius
- Poet who aimed to save society from fear of death or superstition
107
Catullus
- Poet who wrote short personal poems, joys/pains of love and wit, not moral lessons
108
Vergil
- Most important Augustan poet - glorified the civil greatness, peace and prosperity that Augustus brought to Rome
109
Livy
- Was a historian who was the most important and influential prose writer of the time - had moral purpose for his History of Rome
110
Roman Emperors
- Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius, and Nero succeeded Augustus and were descended from either him or Livia, his wife (Julio-Claudian Dynasty)
- IMPERIAL ROME (14-180 C.E.)
- FIVE “GOOD EMPERORS” – appointed by the SENATE followed the Flavian Dynasty – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius
- The DEATH of MARCUS AURELIUS ended the REIGN of the five “GOOD EMPERORS”
111
Silver Age
- Literary period (14-180 C.E) - Writings were gloomy, negative and pessimistic
112
Christianity
- Emerged and spread throughout the Roman Empire
- Monotheistic religion
- Prime status is Jesus Christ
113
Jesus of Nazareth
- Born in the Roman province of Judea
- 12 Disciples; made miracles
- Stood trial before Roman governor, Pontius Pilot
- Was crucified and buried
- On the 3rd day it is believed he rose from the dead
114
Paul of Tarsus
- Born "Saul of Tarsus" was a Roman citizen
- Zealous member of a Jewish sect (Pharisees) that strictly adhered to Jewish law
- Prosecuted Christians
- Converted later and changed his name to Paul
- Apostle to the Gentiles (non-Jews) and key contributor to the success of Christianity
115
The Persecution of Christians
- Christians were accused of atheism
- They were accused of treason
- Claudius expelled them from Rome
- Nero tried to make them scapegoats
- Trajan urged moderation towards Christians
- Mobs, not the government, started most prosecutions
