Test 1

Question 1

Gaseous Neurotransmitters

Answer 1

gasses produced in the neural cytoplasm that diffuse immediately though cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells (eg nitric oxide) long term potentiation

Question 2

Neuropeptide Y

Answer 2

peptide found in the brain, especially hypothalamus, that stimulates carbohydrate intake (via large meal size)

Question 3

Acetylcholine

Answer 3

Movement, learning, memory

Question 4

Dopamine

Answer 4

Movement, learning, attention, addictions

Question 5

Norepinephrine

Answer 5

Memory, attention, arousal

Question 6

Serotonin

Answer 6

mood, pain, sleep, eating

Question 7

Glutamate

Answer 7

Excitatory, can cause exciotoxicity

Question 8

Exciotoxicity

Answer 8

Neurons are damaged or killed via overactivity

Question 9

Ischemia

Answer 9

Restricted blood supply, no O2

Question 10

GABA

Answer 10

Main inhibitory neuron

Question 11

Glycine

Answer 11

Inhibitory NT in spinal cord and hindbrain

Question 12

Clostridium Tetani

Answer 12

Bacteria that causes tetanusm - deadly muscle regidity and spasms

Question 13

Coup injury

Answer 13

damage to brain at point of initial impact

Question 14

Hematoma

Answer 14

Swelling or mass of blood between skull and brain (epidural) or inside brain itself (subdural)

Question 15

Second Impact Syndrome

Answer 15

Catastrophic condition when a second concussion occurs before first heals

Question 16

Chronic Traumatic Endephalopathy

Answer 16

Degenerative disease of the brain found in athletes with history of repetitive brain trauma

Question 17

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 17

Twisted Tau protein fibers (from collapse of mictrotubules) that build up inside nerve cells and impaire function

Question 18

Cholinergic

Answer 18

release acetylcholine (all motor neurons)

Question 19

Neuroglia

Answer 19

nerve glue

Question 20

Astrocyte

Answer 20

glial cell that provides physical support and nutrient store for neurons and removes waste

Question 21

Microglia

Answer 21

Small glial cells that remove waste and pathogens via phagocytosis

Question 22

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 22

Glial cell in CNS that forms myelin sheath, insulates axon

Question 23

Schwann cells

Answer 23

Glial cells in PNS that is wrapped around axon, providing one segment of its myelinated sheath - assist regrowth

Question 24

Glioblastoma multiforme

Answer 24

Lethal malignant brain tumor that develops from astrocytes

Question 25

Goldman equation

Answer 25

Compute potential of electrochemical equilibrium

Question 26

Tetrodotoxin

Answer 26

Neurotoxin that inhibits action potential via blocking voltage gated Na channel (cannot cross BBB paralyzes muscles)

Question 27

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 27

NT binds, ion channel opens

Question 28

Metabotropic receptor

Answer 28

NT binds, G protein, second messenger, ion channel opens

Question 29

Autoreceptor

Answer 29

Binding site on a neuron that responds to the NT neuron releases (feedback loop) regulates NT synthesis release q

Question 30

MAO

Answer 30

Monoamine oxidase - destroys excess NT within cell

Question 31

Efficacy

Answer 31

max effect obtained from drug

Question 32

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 32

Study of biological tissue absorption, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

Question 33

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 33

Study of drug mechanisms of action and drug effects per concentration

Question 34

Direct agonist

Answer 34

drug binds with and activates NT receptor

Question 35

Direct antagonist

Answer 35

Drug bins to receptor, prevents NT from binding

Question 36

indirect agonist

Answer 36

drug facilitates receptor action or NT synthesis

Question 37

Indirect antagonist

Answer 37

drug interferes with receptor action or inhibits NT release

Question 38

Nerve agents

Answer 38

Chemicals that inactivate acetylcholinesterase

Question 39

VX

Answer 39

Deadliest nerve agent, sustained diaphragm contraction

Question 40

Mark 1

Answer 40

Autoinjectors for VX exposure

Question 41

Atropine (Step 1)

Answer 41

Blocks muscarinic (M2) receptor

Question 42

Pralidexime chloride (Step 2)

Answer 42

Reactivates AchE. displaces nerve agent