Test #1 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
• Scholasticism =
A
- an attempt to rationalize theology in order to strengthen faith by reason.
– Religion would be defined by academics & philosophy rather than from a Biblical point of view
2
Q
Changes caused by scholasticism
A
– Cathedral School established which allowed more scholarship
– Systematic theology was split apart from Biblical Study
• Theology went up – Bible study went down
– Commentaries replaced the study of the Word
– Universities sprouted up all Over
3
Q
• Mysticism =
A
–A response to Scholasticism. Urged direct contact with God in worship instead of passively participating in the coldly formal acts of worship performed by clergymen and scholars.
– Intuition
– Contemplation
4
Q
Changes caused by mysticism
A
• Inward disciplines (Prayer, Scripture Reading, Meditation, Fasting, Study)
– Outward disciplines (Simplicity, Solitude, Submission, Service)
– Corporate disciplines (Worship, Confession, Guidance, celebration)
5
Q
The Crusades =
A
a series of wars fought between the Christians and the Muslims over Jerusalem (the Holy Land).
6
Q
Effects of the crusades =
A
- Weakened the Pope and nobles – strengthened monarchs
- Trade stimulated throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East
- Legacy of bitterness left among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
- Weakened the Byzantine Empire
7
Q
Responses to Religious Wars:
A
• Passivism – Anabaptist
• Holy War – Calvinist
• Just War – Lutheran
o In 16th Century Denominations made political stands against War
8
Q
The impact of the crusades:
A
- Commerce and Travel in the Mediterranean (Genoa + Venice flourished)
- Connected Western Catholicism, feudalism, and militarism
- Consolidated papal leadership of the Latin Church
- Trade with the local populations while travelling
- Heroism, chivalry, and piety
- Medieval romance, philosophy, and literature.
9
Q
Feudalism is:
A
Political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.
10
Q
Feudalism hierarchy =
A
King > Nobles > Knights > Peasants.
11
Q
Why did Feudalism start?
A
Kings and Nobles needed ways of protecting land from invasions.
12
Q
Chivalry is
A
the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.
13
Q
Manorial system is
A
An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors (Included a village and the land surrounding it). Manors were self-sufficient
14
Q
Serfs (restrictions and “allowances”)
A
- Not allowed to leave the manor or marry without the lord’s permission
- Allowed to farm on the manor in return for work
- Lords protected serfs
- The life of a serf was harsh
- Worked long hours, few lived past 35 years old
- Based on heredity (You were a serf if you parents were) (Caste system)
- Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest
- Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income
- Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds
- Raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family
- Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years
- Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan
15
Q
Freemen
A
- skilled workers who paid rent to nobles and could leave the manor
- Ex. Blacksmith and millers
16
Q
Chivalry code of ethics
A
code of ethics followed by Knights. Honesty, Fairness in battle, Loyalty, Proper treatment of women.
17
Q
Development of a Knight:
A
Page (7-4yrs-taught war)
Squire (knights attendant)
Knighted (20yrold)
Knight
18
Q
Responses to persecution:
•
A
Fold
Die
Fake
19
Q
Affect of persecution:
A
The Blood of the Martyr is the seed of the church
Can the church readmit people who denied Christ?
Cyprian of Carthage developed penance system.
Novation school said they couldn’t be readmitted (school of saints)
Saint Cornelius said reinstated with Penance (made policy when he becomes bishop of Rome)
20
Q
Three Martyrs
A
Ignatius of Antioch (AD 117)
Polycarp of Smyrna (AD 155)
Perpetua & Felicitas (AD 202)
21
Q
• Ignatius of Antioch (AD 117)
A
- Third bishop of Antioch (after Peter and Euodius)
- called himself Theophorus (most likely a disciple of both Apostles Peter and John)
- Rome wanted to make example of him and discourage Christianity.
- Encouraged Christians. Met with and wrote letters to them on his way to arena in Rome.
22
Q
• Polycarp of Smyrna (AD 155)
A
- Pupil of the apostle John
- Proper handling of financial dishonesty
- Bishop of the church at Smyrna
- Early combatant of Christian heresies
- Arrested for being a Christian – “politically dangerous cult” whose rapid growth needed to be stopped.
- Amidst an angry mob, the Roman proconsul took pity on such a gentle old man and urged Polycarp to proclaim, “Caesar is Lord” and offer incense to Caesar’s statue.
- Responded, “Eighty-six years I have served Christ, and He never did me any wrong. How can I blaspheme my King who saved me?”
- Went down singing
23
Q
• Perpetua & Felicitas (AD 202)
A
- Perpetua was a Christian noblewoman who lived with her husband, her son, and her slave, Felicitas, in Carthage (in modern Tunis).
- Lived in North Africa (center of a vibrant Christian community).
- Emperor Septimius Severus wanted to cripple Christianity (it undermined Roman patriotism).
- Perpetua (along with five new Christians taking classes to prepare for baptism) arrested.
- They were dressed in belted tunics.
- Crowd excited.
- Wild heifer charged the group. Perpetua was tossed into the air and onto her back. She sat up, adjusted her ripped tunic, and walked over to help Felicitas.
- Leopard attacked them – their tunics were stained with blood.
- Crowd was impatient -> slain by the sword.
24
Q
2 Schools of thought about apostates
A
Novation (school)
Cornelius (saint)
25
School of Novation:
School of saints. Can’t be reinstated because they squandered the blood. Only God could forgive and the church had no say in the matter.
26
School of Cornelius
School of sinners! Reinstated with penance. (Decision made when Cornelius elected the bishop of Rome)
27
First Christian Emperor
Constantine!
28
Describe Constantine
* Christian
* wins the battle at Milvian Bridge and becomes co emperor with Licinius
* Legalizes Christianity (Persuades Licinius to sign a decree)
* Hears cases about internal church strife and calls Synods to deal with them
* Defeats Licinius; becomes ruler of all of Rome
* Unifies empire W/ Christianity
* Counsels to unify the church AND to stabilize the empire
29
Heresies:
Arianism and Nestorianism
30
Arianism:
- Only God is eternal
- Son is creature (not One with Father)
- Begotten = there was "when the son was not" (doesn't use "time"
- Logic of Monotheism
- Athanasius combated with "logic of salvation"
31
Nestorianism:
- Apollinarius and Theodore
- One nature vs two
- Jesus was two separate persons taking up one physical space
- St Cyril combated
32
What creed combated Arianism
Nicene
33
Who combated Arianism?
Athanasius
34
What came out of the creeds?
Canonization
35
What council combated Nestorianism?
Chalcedon
36
Who combated Nestorianism?
St Cyril
37
How do the councils reconcile Jesus being God and Man
Nicea dealt with Jesus’ divinity.
Chalcedon dealt with Jesus’ humanity.
Chalcedon determined that Jesus is one person existing in 2 natures (hypostatic union). He was ALWAYS fully God and fully man.
38
How did councils reconcile God 3 in 1
Constantinople –
Basil the Great said “one substance, three persons” (spirit came FROM father, THROUGH son)
Augustine said spirit comes from both Father and Son.
Simpson says: “It doesn’t matter!”
39
Major tenants of Islam
```
Qur’an
God
Universe
Jesus
5 Pilliars
```
40
Founder of Islam
Muhammed
41
Qur'an =
Made because Jewish and Christian texts were corrupt
Deeds over Ideas
Doctrine of Abrogation
42
What is the doctrine of Abrogation?
Can't become something else then come back to Islam
43
What does Islam believe about God?
Monothestic
| Allah
44
Greatest sin for Islam?
Shirk = (assigning partners to God [Jesus])
45
What does Islam believe about the universe?
Not perfect, but good
Created by God
Respect it
Be thankful for it
46
What does Islam believe about Jesus?
```
Son of virgin Mary
Prophet, not Son
Not crucified
He will return for 40 years to marry, have kids and die
He will be judged
```
47
What does Isalm belive about people?
* No Adamic fall
* People are born innocent
* not inherently sinful, (just weak and forgetful)
* people can make up for their sinful deeds with good deeds (except shirk)
48
What is shirk?
Assigning partners to God (Jesus)
49
Structure of early church
Beginning: no structure. meet and pray
| Made hierarchy
50
Hierarchy of Early Church
• Bishops (Episkopoi)
o Guide worship and help the poor
o By 112AD Believers were urged to “follow the bishops as Christ followed the father”
• Deacons (Diakonoi)
o Respect the deacons as you respect the commandments (St.Ignatious)
• Presiding Officers (Hegoumenot)
• And Elders (Presbyteroi)
o “Follow the Presbyters as the as it they were the apostles”
o Eventually the Presbyters would become what we know as priests today.
51
What did the early church change?
* It codified the cannon (provided rule or norm for Scripture)
* It created the creeds (statements of belief)
* It began the episcopacy
52
What is a creed?
short statements of belief summarizing Christian teaching and introducing people to faith
53
Episcopacy =
came about because the apostles were dead and the church needed leadership and decision makers. They were to 1) guide worship (restrict heresies being preached), and 2) help the poor.
54
Canon =
rod/ruler.
Word first used by Athanasius AD367. The agreed upon Bible we have today.
Unified the Christian church in theology.
Showed connections with Judaism and decisively broke away from it.
55
What are the 2 types of creeds?
Conciliar and Baptismal
56
1. Conciliar Creeds =
the great creeds of the church, formed by councils. Came later in history.
E.g. Nicene Creed
57
2. Baptismal Creeds =
created to organize teachings for newcomers; used to tell the difference between Christian and heretic beliefs; to stand in for teaching of the apostles; prepare for baptism
E.g. Old Roman Creed; Apostles Creed
58
How did early members of the church see themselves?
Considered themselves “good Jews” -> weren’t trying to start a new religion.
World around them had existing religious structure/culture
Jews were broken into groups (Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes)
Hellenistic – Thought, Reason, OT had been translated into Greek
59
tasks of the early church.
1. John died and they needed to know their identity
2. Differentiate itself from Judaism
3. Have its own hymns
4. Formalize a belief set
60
war between Rome and the Jews (significant detail here).
Tip: Don’t go to war with Rome
AD66 Jews were irritated with Rome (it had monopolized wealth; Greeks ruled commerce)
Revolt began in Caesurae (Romans slaughtered Jews who attacked)
Jews destroy Garrison in Jerusalem
Jews stop homage to roman emperor
Rome declares war
Rome sends General Vespian to Palestine to stop revolt.
Vespian takes back all port cities and moves inland.
Vespian becomes Caesar (Nero died)
Titus (his son) becomes General.
7 years of bloody war – Rome attacks Jews and Christians because they saw them as atheists (didn’t worship Roman gods and Caesar)
70AD Jerusalem under siege
Rome destroyed temple to eradicate Jewish and Christian faith
Dispersion (Jerusalem never again center of Christian worship)
This made Christianity universal; now they could be less Jewish
61
what aided in Christianity’s expansion?
* Pax-romana (Roman Peace) established by Caesar Augustus. This made travel around the empire safe.
* Roman roads were a wonder of the day and made travel throughout the empire easy
* Hellenistic culture made Greek the language of the empire and it was understood everywhere.
62
What is Pax-Romana
Roman Peace - made travel safe
63
What made travel safe?
Pax-Romana
64
Rome’s attitude toward Christians and how that played out.
Persecute Christians (perpetually with incredibly violent flare-ups under certain emperors: Nero, Domitian, Marcus, Valerin, Desius, Diocletian)
• Nero
o Blaming Christians for burning Rome
• Desius – early 3rd Century
o Edict – Need government certificate to worship
o Banned Meetings
o Condemned Clergy
• Diocletian – late 3rd early 4th Century
o Destroyed Churches
o Scriptures Burned
o Civil Liberties Taken
65
What did Nero do?
Blamed Christians for burning Rome
66
What did Desius do?
Required govt. certificate for worship
Banned meetings
condemned clergy
67
What did Diocletian do?
Destroyed churches
Burned Scriptures
Civil Liberties taken
68
Emperors who persecuted the church
Nero, Desius, Diocletian
69
How did evil emperors harass Christians?
Blamed them for problems to divert attention
| Called Christian cannibals, incest, atheism, heretics
70
How did the church adapt to the changing world?
codified the cannon
created the creeds
began the episcopacy
71
Three paths of discipleship in Dark Ages
Asceticism
Martyrdom (death for beliefs…faithful to death)
Monasticism
72
two types of Monasticism
Ascetics and Cenobitic
73
Where did monasticism start?
Desert of Egypt
74
How did monasticism spread?
Athanasius was exiled to the west and taught people
75
What did Monks contribute?
```
• Manuscripts copied
• Centers for learning
• Spiritual renewal in dark ages
• Missionary impetus
o Gregory I – sent missionaries to England
o Patrick – Ireland
o Columba – Scotland
o Boniface - Germany
• Europe is converted because of the monks
```
76
Rule of Benedict =
```
o Started as Christian in Rome (West) and found the morality of the Christians in the city so bad that he became a monk
o Established 12 monasteries
o Greatest of all Monastic Rules
Prayer
Work
```
77
Why did Asceticism start?
* Church grew morally and spiritually lax causing extremely devout Christians to flee the “church”
* Went to desert: to live a hard life so that they were ready for any temptation or persecution
78
How did Asceticism monks live?
o Little clothes, mat to sleep on
| o Weave baskets or mats to tread for bread, grain, or oil.
79
Name a monk of asceticism:
St. Anthony
o First of the desert fathers
o Learned from elderly hermits when he was a young man
o Appeared before the emperor to decry the Arian heresy
80
Why did Cenobitic (communal) Monks start?
saw flaw with Anchorite (Ascetics): weren't able to share insights from God (brotherly love)
81
What did the Cennobites do?
• Formed communities of monks (separate from the world rather than from all others)
82
Who structured Cennobitic monks?
• Pachomius:
Abbots, Monastery superior, deputy monastery superior, quarters superior, monk (structure was given to ensure high standards and consistent thought)
o Created 10 monasteries including:
a church, a storehouse, the refectory, meeting hall and living quarters
83
What do Cenobitic monks do?
* Pray at all times
* Lived in poverty (but not grinding poverty)
* Ate adequately (no meat)
* Help to neighboring communities
84
Differences between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
Roman: Latin / Eastern: Greek or local
R: Pope is over the bishops /E:Bishops lead church as group
R: Pope over kings and emperors / E: Emperor over church
R: Priests can't marry / E: can marry
R: Divorce No! / E: Divorce yes.
85
Similarities between Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox
Faith based in Gospel and Bible
Sacraments
Bishops are leaders
Evangelism
86
What caused Schism?
Mutual excommunications by the Pope and the Patriarch
East: opposition strengthened theology, not person
• Greek Philosophy
• Resented the Roman enforcement of clerical celibacy, the limitation of the right of confirmation to the bishop, and the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist
West: no opposition, strengthened Pope
• Pope claim to preeminence (better, make rules) = Bishop of Bishops -- resulted in separation
• Roman Law
87
Jews in early church period
* religion broken into groups
- Pharisees concerned with keeping religious laws. Most liked. Some seats in Sanhedrin. Closest to getting theology right
- Sadducees, wealthy class, concerned with politics. Performed religious duties in temple. Most seats in Sanhedrin. Least liked. Pro-Roman.
- Essenes
- Zealots
Hellenism
Thought they were good Jews
88
Charlemagne:
```
Emperor
Solidified Christendom
Made a new Roman Empire in the North (Holy Roman Empire)
Lord over more of Europe since 4th C.
Solidified connection with Pope
Zealous Defender of Christianity
Gave money and land to church
Protected pope
```
89
First admin of early church
James, brother of Jesus
90
Who developed the system of penance?
Cyprian of Carthage
91
Why was the system of penance developed?
Forgive the sins of the apostates (those who denied Christ under stress)
92
Constantine’s symbol =
cross of light in the heavens above the sun with an inscription “conquer by this” inscribed on it = Labarum = first two letters in Christ’s name in Greek intertwined
93
Fountain head of Calvinism:
St. Augustine
94
St. Augustine:
Rome is not city of God; city of God is fellowship with God
95
Monk =
separation
96
Greatest enemy of the church:
ease
97
Fiefs:
land given to vassals
98
Why did the crusades start?
Pope Urban said the Muslims are keeping Christians from visiting Holy Sights
99
How did they get people to participe in crusades?
satisfied feudal obligations and provided opportunities for economic and political gain
100
What did Christians do in the crusades?
attacked and pillaged Constantinople, rendering the reunification of Christendom impossible during 4th crusade
101
What was diferent about 6th crusade?
no forgiveness from the Church
102
When was excommunication nullified?
Excommunication was nullified in 1965 (900 years later)
103
Who started scholasticism?
Charlemagne
104
Who is Thomas Aquinas?
King of Scholastics (wrote Summa Theologica)
105
First catastrophe of the early church?
Fall of Jerusalem and temple in 70AD
106
How did the catadtrophe influence the church?
Dispersion, spread of Christianity.
| Cut ties with Jews.
107
What is Simpson's name for Sunny?
Sweetie Bunch
