Test Twoooooo Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What led up to having 3 popes?
A
- 1302; Pope Boniface VIII struggling against Philip IV for power
- He issued Papal Bull saying that the pope has power to issue salvation
- French King Philip IV moves the pope to Avignon (Sth. France) till 1377.
- Now there’s a pope in Rome AND France AND another (somewhere..) each claiming to be Peter’s successor.
- Result: Their power declined
2
Q
Prior to three popes, what were the people dissatisfied with?
A
1) Too much emphasis on ritual
2) Increasing secularization
3) Wealth, corruption, abuse
3
Q
What was the result of having 3 popes?
A
Their power declined
4
Q
What happened to the states during the 3 pope saga?
A
- France, England, Spain were gaining power
- They limited Rome’s power
5
Q
What was the name of the plague?
A
Black Death (1348-1351)
6
Q
How many people did the plague kill?
A
1/3 of population
7
Q
What did people do in response to the plague? (to try and make it go away)
A
penitential flagellation
8
Q
Who did they blame for the plague?
A
Jews
9
Q
Who was Wycliffe?
A
- major critic of institutional church
- civil employee of British Gov.
10
Q
What was happening at the time of Wycliffe?
A
-Revival of Learning
11
Q
What did Wycliffe believe?
A
- church was spiritual power, not about money and power.
- Scripture was ultimate authority
- Papacy was human invented (by Constantine)
12
Q
What did Wycliffe do/accomplish?
A
- Preached in English!! (primary element in worship [not Eucharist anymore])
- Advocated abolition of papal system
- Influences Czech’s
13
Q
What happened to cause a crisis in the church before the reformation actually got off the ground?
A
- Personal and Spiritual crisis
- Rejection of formal ritual and doctrine
- Emphasis on personal salvation
14
Q
What did John Huss do/say?
A
- Emphasized authority of Scripture
- Rejected canon law
- Affirmed authority of ancient fathers
15
Q
What happened to John Huss?
A
- Invited to Council of Constantine (to resolve issue of multiple popes)
- Promised safety…
- Burned at the stake for being a “dangerous heretic”
16
Q
When did the indulgences start?
A
12th - 13th Century with the crusades
17
Q
When was the height of the indulgences?
A
16th Century
18
Q
What is an indulgence?
A
-“Payment to church that purchased an exemption from punishment (Penance)”
19
Q
What sin does an indulgence not cover?
A
Murder
20
Q
Why did people “buy into” indulgences?
A
- People were scared that they accidentally sinned or forgot to repent
- Didn’t want extra time in purgatory or go to hell
21
Q
How did Indulgences start with crusades?
A
-Crusaders were promised salvation for fighting in war
22
Q
Arguments the church gave for indulgences
A
- Argument 1: good works earn salvation
- Paying money for good works is just as good as good works
- Argument 2: Church had inherited unlimited good works from Jesus that could be sold
23
Q
Modern illustration of indulgences
A
confession insurance
24
Q
Who was the worst seller of indulgences and why?
A
John Tetzel
- added selling indulgences for people already dead.
- scared/shamed/guilted people into buying them
25
Where was Luther declared a Heretic?
at Diet of Worms, Germany
26
What did Luther stand for?
-Justification by faith alone (not works)
27
Who was Arminius?
-Dutch Reformed Theologian/professor
28
What was Arminius known for?
- Known for departing from Reformed theology of Belgic Confession
- Founder of Arminianism
29
What was the result of Arminius' depart from calvinism? And where?
-Resulted in Calvinist-Arminian controversy at Synod of Dort
30
How did Arminius come to birth his theology?
-Came to his conclusions while trying to defend Calvinistic predestination
31
Arminius' early life:
-Orphaned; adopted by priest; studied at Leiden (anti-Calvinist)
32
What did Copernicus discover?
-Earth revolves around the sun
33
Who is Galileo?
- Devout Catholic
- Father of modern science and astronomy
- Called a heretic
34
What did Galileo discover?
- Pendulum law (gravity) [from this came clocks)
- Law of constant acceleration
- Experiments to prove hypothesis
- Earth not center of world
35
Who is Sir Isaac Newton?
- Most famous scientist in history
- Founder of Modern Calculus
- Parliamentarian
- Arian (non-trinitarian)
36
What did Newton discover?
- 3 Laws of motion
- Earth not the center of the world (built telescopes)
- Theory of Color (Optics/light)
37
What was Kant's focus?
-Ethics (philosophical study of moral actions)
38
What were Kant's ethics?
- Categorical Imperative (Morals are from rationality, not Bible)
- Universal law (Act in a way you want everyone to act)
- Golden Rule (do to others as you would have them do to you)
39
Why were Kant's ideas readily accepted?
-Easy to understand and apply
40
Who was Voltaire?
- French
- Lived among Parisian aristocrats
- Critic of religious intolerance and persecution
41
Who influenced Voltaire?
-Liked John Locke and Isaac Newton
42
What did Voltaire write?
-Wrote book praising English customs (therefore hated by Frenchmen and kicked out)
43
What was Voltaire a critic of?
religious intolerance and persecution
44
What happened at the end of Voltaire's life?
- Denied burial in church-grounds
- Corpse stolen by right-wing religious people and dumped in garbage
- Heart in a museum
- Brain auctioned off
45
What is another word for the Renaissance?
The age of reason
46
Describe the wager.
Little/no risk in taking a chance on God. Much risk for not taking a chance on God. Just wager towards God. Even if God isn’t real you don’t lose much (slot machine). If God is real you gain everything.(
47
Who came up with "the wager"?
Blaise Pascal
48
Who was the founder of the Pietists?
Jakob Spener
49
Why did pietism start?
to deal with stress and conflict
50
What was the reform that Spener proposed? (5 things)
```
Bible Based: (sad pp)
1) greater use of SCRIPTURE
2)Don’t just be a PEW sitter
3) ACT like a Christian
4) less debate, more Piety
5)PREACH to edify (teach)
(People need to learn the Bible!)
```
51
Who was August Hermann Francke?
-German Pietist
52
What did Hermann Franke do?
- School for poor
- Orphanage
- Medical Dispensary
- Publishing House
53
Who copied Hermann Franke?
Prussians
54
Who was Nicolas Ludwig, count von Zinzendorf? Who was he influenced by?
- nobility
- Pietist grandmother
- Influenced by Spener, Francke, Luther
- Studied Law
55
What did Nicolas Ludwig, count von Zinzendorf do?
- Remolded Moravian Church
- Didn’t mean to start a new church; wanted to renew Lutheranism.
- Started little Communities! –take care of poor, weak, widow
- He was exiled from Lutheran’s
- Set up settlements in USA
56
Who was John Wesley?
- Founder of Methodism
| - Saved England from bloody revolution
57
What were Wesley's beliefs?
- Justification by faith
| - Holiness/Sanctification
58
How did John Wesley begin?
-Started class meetings and societies
59
What are the main Characteristics of Pietism?
1. Personal Relationship w/ God
2. Perfect Relationship
3. Bible impacts daily living
4. Go to church to worship God, not for social standing
60
Who was Blaise Pascal?
-Math theory of probability
-Famous Wager
“In faith there is enough light for those who want to believe and enough shadows to blind those who don’t”
61
Know the “imperishable principals.”
1. Bible is only rule of faith and practice
2. Justified by faith alone without works
3. Priesthood of all believers
4. Religious liberty
5. State over Rome (strengthening state, delivered from Rome)
6. Ethics of life and Daily Labor
7. Sanctity of all vocation
8. Thrift and Industry
62
Know a Tyndale’s claim to fame
-1st Mass produced English Bible! (Translated and Produced)
63
Bad things that happened to Tyndale
-Burned as a heretic
-Plagiarized his work and put it in KJV
(well, at least his work was used I suppose....)
64
What was Wesley's faith journey?
- Moravians on ship led to his spiritual awakening
- Joined society (bible study/”holy club”) at school
- Failed as pastor in Georgia (USA)
- Saved at Aldersgate (felt assurance of salvation)
65
Who does Wesley join to become an outdoor preacher?
Whitefield
66
After becoming leader of the movement, what did Wesley do?
- started societies and classes (didn’t try to start a church)
- women could become class leaders (of women)
- Started “Connections” (hierarchies)
67
Wesley's Slogan (and the slogan of Methodist Missionaries)
-“the world is my parish”
68
What denomination did Wesley move away from?
Church of England (Anglicans)
69
What did Calvin try to do?
standardize the theories of Protestantism
70
What did calvin emphasize?
Sovereignty of Scriptures
| Divine Predestination
71
Where did Calvin have absolute supremacy?
Geneva
72
What was the result of Calvin in Geneva?
- Punished impiety and dissent with execution
| - -Didn’t allow art, instruments, or music
73
Calvin's TULIP
- Total Depravity
- Unconditional Election
- Limited Atonement
- Irresistible Grace
- Perseverance of the saints
74
What was Calvin's approach to faith?
Intellectual, unemotional approach
75
What denominations did Calvin found?
Founded Presbyterianism, Puritans, Reformed Church
76
What did the Industrial Revolution do?
- People left farms for the city to work in factories
- Merchant class becomes politically powerful
- Science effects religion
77
What were the indulgences that ticked off Luther?
-1517 – Pope Leo X started new indulgences to build St. Peter’s Basilica
78
What did Luther say about the indulgences?
-He said they corrupted people’s faith
79
Who did Luther write to, Re: Indulgences?
-Martin wrote to Archbishop Albert Albrecht of Mainz, calling him to end indulgence sales.
80
Bonus Wesley Quote:
```
"Do all the GOOD you can,
by all the MEANS you can,
in all the WAYS you can,
in all the PLACES you can,
at all the TIMES you can,
to all the PEOPLE you can,
as LONG AS EVER you can.”
```
81
Political climate about the church before the reformation
Centralized nation-state: pope is the boss
82
Economic climate about the church before the reformation
Want to keep money: not give money to Rome
83
Intellectual climate about the church before the reformation
Learn language and realized Church’s interpretations was inaccurate
84
Moral climate about the church before the reformation
· Too much emphasis on ritual
· Increasing secularization
· Wealth, corruption, abuse
85
Social climate about the church before the reformation
Middle class was developing
86
Theological climate about the church before the reformation
· Inaccessibility of Scripture
| · Works over faith
87
Luther's city
Saxony/Wittenberg, Germany
88
Zwingli city
– Glarus, Switzerland
89
Calvin city
– Geneva, Switzerland
90
Tyndale city
– Nibley/Oxford, England
91
Spener city
– Frankfort, Germany
92
Francke city
– Germany
93
Zinzendorf city
– Germany
94
Wesley city
– Oxford, England
95
Pascal city
- France
96
Denominations to come out of the Protestant reformation?
Lutheranism
Anabaptist's
Calvinist's
Arminianism
97
Denominations to come from Luheranism
Moravian
98
Denominations to come from Anabaptists
Amish/Mennonites
99
Denominations to come from Calvinists
o Puritans/Pilgrims
o Separatists
o Presbyterian
o Reformed Church
100
Denominations to come from Arminianism
o Methodists (John Wesley)
o Anglican
o Salvation Army (William Booth)
o Nazarene
101
Founder of Anabaptists
Zwingli
102
Arminian's primary objection to Calvinism and the result
Predestination
God both tyrant and executioner?!: “God makes us do bad things, then punishes us for it”
- Began to doubt predestination and changes his view
103
Who brings calvinism to heights of divine determination?
Beza the Bozo
104
What does Beza a Bozo do?
brings calvinism to heights of divine
105
What did King Henry VIII do?
| Why?
separated the English Church from Rome because he wanted an annulment.
106
How did Henry XIII ensure his what he wanted?
Took the position of Supreme head of the Church of English to ensure the annulment of his marriage.
107
Who excommunicated King Henry XIII
Pope Paul
108
What was King Henry XIII's response to being excommunicated?
King took all Catholic properties with stroke of a pen.
o Dissolution of the monasteries
o Catholic church no longer had power over King and empires
109
What was King Henry's worship preference?
traditional Catholic practices
110
What were protestant reformers not allowed to do during King Henry XIII's reign?
unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England
111
What did Henry XIII do to Protestant's and Catholics?
Tried them for heresy
112
What was the result of Henry XIII's reign on the church?
Church under Henry VIII was like pope-led Catholic Church, thus the Puritans wanted to simplify and purify
113
Who was Bloody Mary?
Queen Mary of Scotts
114
What was the state's church under queen Mary?
Roman Catholicism
115
What happened to Protestants under Mary's reign?
Exiles went Geneva:
Saw John Calvin’s church provided a working model of a disciplined church.
Puritan's wanted that model
-She killed them as heretics
116
How was the reformation incomplete?
did not extinguish Catholic Church (convert, not kill)
117
Who did Puritains gain control over?
New Model Army
118
Who did Puritain's put in charge of new parliament?
Oliver Cromwell
119
Cromwell's adviser?
John Owen (the driving force behind Calvinism)
120
What did Cromwell's religious settlement allow for?
limited pluralism that favored the Puritans
121
What did Puritan's want?
People who wanted to simplify and purify the church of England
o Rid of immorality
-Religious Reform
122
Difference between pilgrims and Puritan's
Pilgrims are puritans, but went to extremes
o Didn’t think Anglican church was salvageable
o Physical separation from the church of England
§ Puritan strain in America went off the rails
123
What did Puritan's believe was necessary to relationship with God?
Covenant
124
What does Puritan religious covenant state
o Redeem one from one’s sinful condition
o God had chosen to reveal salvation through preaching
o Holy Spirit was energizing instrument of salvation.
125
Major influences on Puritanism
Calvinist theology and polity
126
What did Puritan's reject
“popish idolatry”
127
What did Puritan's emphasize?
preaching (wanted ministers to be educated)
128
What did Puritan's believe about predestination?
o Elect: selected by God to live this way
129
Basic Puritan Beliefs:
· Calvinistic
· Saw God in all things, including commonplace
· Valued all vocations
· Work glorified God and bettered society (idleness is bad)
· Success or wealth is a blessing, not earned
· Were sexually progressive
· Church should be separate from government control
· Simple worship and way of life
· Church policy is based on the Bible alone
· Sundays are for worship only revelry in the church
· Bible accessible to all
· Well-educated
· Social activists: people take care of each other, not government
130
When were Puritan's persecuted again?
After Cromwell’s death
131
What was the 1689 Toleration Act?
established church as Episcopal but also tolerated dissenting groups
-Tolerate, but can’t gain control
132
What was the Half-Way covenant in New England?
Catholic Church said Puritan's can vote is they are baptized, moral, and orthodox persons and can share the privileges of church membership
133
Who started Puritanism in Rhode Island?
Roger Williams
134
Who started Puritanism in PA?
William Penn
135
What is the 2nd most sold book in the world?
Pilgrim’s Progress
136
In what was Arminius’s theology is finally written out?
5 Articles of Remonstrance
| =expression of opposition or protest
137
What did Calvin outlaw in worship?
Music, instruments
