Test #1 Flashcards
(139 cards)
Azotemia
Elevated BUN/Creatinine
The buildup of abnormally large amounts of nitrogenous waste products in the blood
Types of azotemia
Pre-renal failure
Intrinsic renal failure
Post-renal obstruction
Oliguria
Urine output < 400 mL/day
Urine output < 20 cc/hr
Anuria
Urine output < 100 mL/day
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The sum filtering rate of all functioning neurons
-Kidney filtration rate
Measure Creatinine, Urea, or Inulin clearance
GFR Normals by gender
Men = 130 mL/min/173 m2
Women = 120 mL/min/173 m2
Decrease normally w/ age
Influenced by age, sex, body size, and renal blood flow
Creatinine clearance
Assess GFR
Normals: Men = 107-139
-Women = 87-107
Can overestimate the GFR by 40%, especially with decreased renal function
Major body cations and normal values
Sodium: 135-145
Potassium: 3.8-5.5
Major body anions and normal values
Chloride: 98-106
Bicarbonate: 21-28
Total CO2: 23-30
Typically secreted electrolytes
Hydrogen
Potassium
Urate
Odors indicate:
Ammonia-like
Foul/offensive
Sweet
Fruity
Maple syrup-like
Ammonia-like: Urea-splitting bacteria
Foul/offensive: Old, pus, inflammation
Sweet: Glucose
Fruity: Ketones
Maple syrup-like: Maple syrup urine disease
Colors indicate:
Colorless
Deep yellow
Yellow-green
Red
Brownish-red
Brownish-black
Colorless: Dilute urine
Deep yellow: Concentrated urine
Yellow-green: Bilirubin
Red: Blood/Hemoglobin
Brownish-red: Acidified blood (acute glomerulonephritis)
Brownish-black: Homogentisic acid (Melanin)
Globulinuria DDx
Glomerulonephritis
Tubular dysfunction
Bence Jones proteinuria DDx
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
Fibrinogen proteinuria DDx
Severe renal disease
Types of ketone bodies
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone
Betahydroxybutyric acid (most common)
Nephrotic syndrome vs nephritic syndrome
Lots of protein loss w/ nephrotic
Lots of blood loss w/ nephritic
Acute renal failure
Heath’s intro
Abrupt kidney function loss w/in 7 days
Pre-renal, intrinsic, or post-renal
Chronic kidney disease
Heath’s intro
Progressive renal function loss over months/years
End-stage renal disease
Heath’s intro
Chronic kidney disease at stage 5 progression
GFR <15
Glomerulopathy
Heath’s intro
Disease of glomeruli or nephron
Can be inflammatory or non-inflammatory
Nephritic syndrome, IgA nephropathy, Nephrotic syndrome
Hydrostatic vs osmotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the interstitium
Osmotic pressure pushed fluid from interstitium back into capillary/tubule
Fluid and electrolyte intake and output regulation
Fluid intake - hypothalamus regulates thirst
Electrolyte intake - dietary habits regulate
Output of both is regulated by kidneys
Mechanisms to stimulate hypothalamic thirst center
Increased plasma osmolality (Dry mouth and osmoreceptors stimulated)
Decreased plasma volume (RAAS and decreased BP)