test 1 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
anthropology means study of _____
A
man
2
Q
as a discipline anthropology uses a ____ perspective
A
holistic
3
Q
anthropology has 4 subfields consisting of biological, linguistic, archeological, and ____
A
cultural
4
Q
evolution is a change in organisms over time, true or false
A
true
5
Q
the development of evolutionary thought finds its origins in the _______period
A
greco roman
6
Q
rain falls–>grass grows–>cows eat grass–>humans eat cows–> is an example of what?
A
the great chain of being
7
Q
the notion that the scheme of life and its existence is unchangeable is the belief in ______
A
immutability
8
Q
the notion that everything can exist does and everything that doesn’t cant is
A
plenitudes
9
Q
the father of primatology who conducted first chimp dissection was
A
Edward tyson
10
Q
first person to create taxonomy of living creatures and wrote the volumes titles systema naturae
A
carolus linnaeus
11
Q
the belief that the forces of nature that were at work in the past are still at work today, changing the topography of the earth is called
A
uniformitarianism
12
Q
the theory that extinct life forms found in the fossil record had been destroyed by extreme natural process is ______
A
catastrophism
13
Q
the belief that an organism can use its body in such a way as to change it and pass tat trait on is called
A
the theory of acquired characteristics
14
Q
the theory of natural selection was first developed by ___
A
charles darwin
15
Q
the second person to come up with natural selection is ____
A
alfred russell wallace
16
Q
the theory that evolutionary change is based on differential reproductive success of individuals is called
A
natural selection
17
Q
the political philosopher herbert spencer coined the term that was borrowed by charles darwin, it was ______
A
survival of the fittest
18
Q
the process of the cell division that results in two exact copies of the original cell is called
A
mitosis
19
Q
the man who studied pea plants and gave us the first real understanding of how traits are passed along was ____
A
gregor mendel
20
Q
an allele is a variant of a gene, true or false
A
true
21
Q
alleles come in two types, what are they?
A
dominant and reccessive
22
Q
when both alleles of a pair are expressed in the phenotype we say that they are _____.
A
codominant
23
Q
the combination alleles you have at a particular gene is called your _____
A
genotype
24
Q
an allele pair that is identical, like the following -TT- is called ____
A
homozygous
25
an allele pair that is not identical, like the following -Tt--is called \_\_\_\_\_
heterozygous
26
Microevolution
Occurs at the genetic level and it's the frequency of an allele in a population from one generation to the next What goes on within populations (the changes in allele frequencies due to natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow)
27
microevolution =
genotype
28
Macroevolution
Occurs at the population level and is long term patterns of genetic change over thousands or millions of generations. Includes the process of species formation.
29
macroevolution=
phenotype
30
Population genetics
the study of the total pattern genetic variation of a biological population
31
Allele frequency
Is the relative proportion of each allele within a population Specific letter on the chain
32
Genotype frequency
The number of individuals with each genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population. The whole chain
33
genotype frequencies must add up to what?
1
34
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
(formulated method of determining expected genotype frequencies given allele frequencies in a population)
35
Mutations
Any alteration to the chromosome and introduces new alleles into a population
36
what are three types of mutations?
polymorphic monomorphic back mutation
37
polymorphic
genes with more than one allele
38
Monomorphic
genes with only one allele
39
Back mutation
mutations can also reintroduce alleles back into a population after they are lost
40
wild type
The original, common or “normal” version of the gene
41
mutant allele
The new version of the gene (or abnormal)
42
what is the difference between the types of genes? (wild type and mutant)
non disease allele is the wild type and the disease allele is the mutant type
43
Gene flow
movement of genes (alleles) from one population to another
44
what is another word used for gene flow?
migration
45
Fitness
An organism’s probability of survival and reproduction we measure fitness by how many children you have
46
Balancing selection
Selection for the heterozygote: also called balancing selection: selection for the heterozygote and against the homozygote
47
whats an example for balancing selection?
sickle cell anemia
48
Genetic drift
Random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next due to sampling error
49
what is genetic drift dependent on?
population size (N)
50
Founder effects
When a small number of individuals start a new population, all the descendants are all derived from them
51
Population bottleneck
Can cause same effect, the bottle neck is a reduction in genetic variation This reduction can be due to disease, war, etc
52
Reproductive isolation
no gene flow
53
Premating mechanisms
....
54
Post mating mechanisms
Can result in hybrids but f1 (first gen) have reduced viability, f1 hybrids have reduced fertility, f2 backcross (hybrids mating with either species) or later generation hybrids have reduced viability or fertility
55
Allopatric speciation
When geographic barriers isolate a small subset of a population/species, selection may favor significantly different phenotypes in the isolated region compared to the majority of the species, leading to the evolution of a new species.
56
Parapatric speciation
only partial genetic isolation required between populations occupying a great range of environments, speciation is caused by change in habit
57
Sympatric speciation
Even with NO genetic isolation, if selection is strong enough species differentiation can occur.
58
Homologous traits
Traits in two species that have similar structures, and are inherited from a common ancestor, but may or may not show a similar function
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ex of homologous traits
(arms and legs both have upper bone, and two lower bone. This is also seen in birds, reptiles, mammals, etc
60
Homoplastic (analogous) traits
Traits with similar functions in two species but a different structure, not inherited from a common ancestor
61
Parallel evolution
When the same trait has arisen separately in two closely related species, and is not due to it arising once in a common ancestor An evolutionary process by which two or more separate species in the same environment develop similar adaptation or characteristic for survival.
62
Convergent evolution
Independent evolution of similar adaptations in rather distinct evolutionary lines (superficially similar traits, that arise from being in similar environments, this helps them survive the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
63
ex of convergent evolution
Ex. fish, whales all having fins but being completely different)
64
Ancestral traits
Traits that have not changed from an ancestral state
65
what is another word for ancestral traits?
plesiomorphies
66
Derived traits
traits that have changed from the ancestral state of the group being classified Derived traits are those that just appeared (by mutation) in the most recent ancestor -- the one that gave rise to a newly formed branch
67
what is another word for derived traits?
apomorphies
68
What shows up early in fetal development are probably ancestral, what shows up later are probably derived
ex. tails
69
what are the three types of primates
prosimians monkeys apes
70
what the the differences between the three primates
prosimians have wet noses monkey have tails apes dont have tails
71
where are old world monkeys from
asia and africa
72
new world monkeys
south america
73
how are new world diff from old world monkeys
new world have prehensile tails
74
with incerased reliance on sight, what developed?
stereoscopic and color vision
75
what is stereoscopic
(relating to or denoting a process by which two photographs of the same object taken at slightly different angles are viewed together, creating an impression of depth and solidity.
76
what developed in their eyes
post-orbital bar/closure behind eyeball
77
what kind of selection do apes use?
k selection
78
what is having different types of teeth called?
heterodonty
79
what are the two sets of teeth we have in out life called?
deciduous (baby) teeth permanent teeth
80
what are the 4 types of teeth in our mouth
incisors canines premolars molars
81
what are incisors used for and where are they located
cutting slicing grawing food flat front teeth
82
where are canines and what r they used for
Located in front of the jaw behind the incisors, normally used by mammals for puncturing and defense
83
where are premolars and what are they used for
Back teeth used for crushing and grinding food
84
where are the molars and what r they used for
Teeth furthest back in the jaw used for grinding
85
what is the formula for counting teeth?
I,C,PM,M
86
what is the human's (apes and old world monkeys) formula for teeth
2-1-2-3
87
what are the two jaw bones called
mandible (lower) maxila (upper)
88
do new world monkeys have more or less teeth than us and what is their formula?
more 2133
89
what are the three major types of homonoids
lesser apes great apes humans
90
what are some examples of lesser apes
gibbons and siamangs
91
ex of great apes
orangutans gorillas chimpanzees bonobos
92
where are orangutans only found?
borneo and sumatra
93
Primate ecology
The relationships of organisms to each other and their environment Primate morphology and behavior is affected by the environment in which the primate lives Environment includes both physical and social stresses
94
what is the real name for these types of diets: fruit leaves insect gums vertebrates everything
frugivory folivory insectivory gummivory varnivory omnivory
95
Socioecology
The study of all the ways an organism interacts with its environment
96
Sexual dimorphism
The sexual selection that led to physical differenced between men and women
97
Sperm competition
testes size
98
Handicap hypothesis
Males may display their fitness by showing that they can maintain survivorship despite handicap
99
In general, the environment is everything ____ to an organism
external
100
\_\_\_\_ is a reference to the inanimate elements surrounding the organism
physical environment
101
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_is a reference to the living elements surrounding an organism
biological environment
102
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_is a reference to the products of an organism's endeavors
cultural environment
103
The _______ is a reference to a very specific set of physical, biological, and cultural factors, immediately surrounding an organism
microenvironment
104
A ____ is a general term that defines where an animal lives
habitat
105
A _____ is reference to the specific “address” of an organism
microhabitat
106
An ___ \_\_\_\_ ____ is a reference to the specific microhabitat in which an organism lives and can include anatomical,physical, and behavioral methods by which an organism exploits the physical space and its relationship to other organisms
organism’s ecological niche
107
\_\_\_\_\_ is the study of the plants consumed by primates and other animals for medicinal purposes
Zoopharmacology
108
Primates that use bipedalism occasionally are said to be\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
facultative (occasional) bipedalism
109
what kind of bipedalist called?
habitual
110
Walking on all four on the ground is called _ \_\_\_\_\_
quadrupedalism
111
Walking on all fours in the trees where the hands and feet are used for grasping is typically referred to as \_\_\_\_\_
quadrumanous
112
Swinging,by hand, from branch to branch with the arms held up above the head is called\_\_\_\_
brachiation
113
Altruism
putting the interest of others before your own
114
WD Hamilton & Kin Selection
Individuals can pass along their genes directly (reproduction) and indirectly, through kin (relatives)
115
Inclusive fitness
Includes not only ur own reproductive success but ur positive effects on ur relative’s reproductive success
116
Kin selection
The process by which a behavioral act is favored owing to its beneficial effects on one’s relative
