test 2 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
the formation of one or more species from another over time is ___
A
cladogenesis
2
Q
the slow transformation of single species over time is referred to as _____
A
anagenesis
3
Q
the notion that evolution occurs quickly and is due to geographic isolation of a segment of an original population is called ___
A
punctuated equilibrium
4
Q
species identified from the fossil record based on physical similarities and differences with other species along an evolutionary line (lineage) is called ____
A
paleospecies
5
Q
in general there are two types of dating methods
A
relative and chronometric
6
Q
layers of earth are called
A
strata
7
Q
the notion that fossils found deeper in the ground should be older than the fossils closer to the surface is an example of ___
A
principles of superposition
8
Q
the study of temporal and spatial distribution of fossil organisms is called ____
A
biostratigraphy
9
Q
geological time is divided into ____,____,____,____
A
eons
eras
periods
epochs
10
Q
at 225 million years the land was connected in a single mass called ____
A
pangea
11
Q
the separation of the land into modern day continents is the result of ____
A
plate techtonics
12
Q
the cenozoic is know as the age of _____
A
mammals
13
Q
the first primate like mammals, like the pleiseadapids, appear in the ____
A
paleocene
14
Q
based on the fossil evidence it is likely that the first primate like mammals were ____
A
insectivores
15
Q
the first true primates (primitive prosimians) and the first anthropoids appear in the ____
A
eocene
16
Q
the radiation of anthropoids occurs in the ____
A
oligocene
17
Q
the radiation and divergence of early apes and the emergence of the first hominids occurs in the _____
A
miocene
18
Q
the notion that stereoscopic vision and grasping hands evolved as adaptions for hunting insects along branches is called ____
A
visual predation model
19
Q
sussman’s hypothesis is that primate origins might relate to eating a mixed diet including fruit/nectar/flowers/gun rather than only insects.
true or false
A
true
20
Q
flowering plants are also called
A
angiosperms
21
Q
an early primate like ancestor that resembeled modern lemurs and lorises was the ____
A
adapids
22
Q
an early primate like ancestor that resembeled modern tarsiers was the ___
A
omomyids
23
Q
an early ancestor thought to have evolved into the modern apes and humans is called ____
A
proconsul
24
Q
the reputed ancestor of modern orangutans is called
A
sivepithecus
25
perhaps the ruches fossil bed that offers up many specimens of oligocene fossils giving us the clues to anthropoid origins and evolution in the fayum desert in what country?
egypt
26
what are the two species the human line split into?
robust australoptithcines and gracile australopithecines
27
what species evolved into the homo genus?
gracile
28
what is another name for the robust australopithecines?
paranthropus
29
who is the first possible evidence of the genus homo?
homo habilis
30
what are some characteristics of homo habilis
brain size
teeth face size
leg length
use tools or naaawww
brain is 1/2 size of humans
large face and teeth
short legs
used stone tools for scavenging animals flesh
31
what is the controversy behind the habilis?
it should be reclassified as australopithecus habilis
32
where is the birthplace of modern hominids
africa
33
wwhat are the names of the 5 major hominid sites
```
chad
ethiopia
kenya
tanzania
south africa
```
34
the great rift valley is the ____ _____
plate techtonic
35
what are the 7 early species of hominids?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
Ardipithecus kadabba
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Kenyapithecus platyops
36
what are the only remains of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis and what debate did this spark?
and was a characteristic of this remain?
the cranium
this lead to the debate of whether or not it was actually bipedal
it was really small, as small as a chimp
37
what were 2 characteristic of Orrorin tugenensis
found in 6 mya sediment
probably spent time in trees but also walked
38
what is a characteristic of Ardipithecus ramidus
it had a foramen magnum
39
what is a foramen magnum?
a large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters. this reflects bipedalism
40
where was bipedalism evolved and where was it thought to have been evolved?
thickly wooded forests
savannah
41
Australopithecines
where they they live
brain size
Earliest confirmed well-known hominids
Confined to africa
Definitely bipedal
Multiple species, some living simultaneously
Relatively small brains (400-500cc)
42
how is Australopithecus anamensis related to other hominids
A. anamensis may be a direct line to later hominids
43
MOSAIC EVOLUTION
Again, ancestral (ape like) and derived (bipedalism) features are mixed, showing that all these features did not arise at the same time.
(we didn’t start walking after getting a big brain, but we just started using our bodies to walk)
44
Mary Leakey
Illustrator that got famous for discovering robust
45
Donald Johanson
Discovered “Lucy”
46
Australopithecus afarensis' celebrity
lucy
47
Australopithecus afarensis
characteristics
what indicated bipedalism
what are 2 characteristics of the skull
Pelvic bones and femur clearly indicated bipedalism
Diastema
prognathism
48
the laetoli footprint is associated with which species?
why are they special
Australopithecus afarensis
they were the earliest footprints we have
49
what is diastema?
a gap between the teeth (incisors and canines for primates)
50
whats prognathism
The projection/protrusion of the lower face
51
what does Kenyanthropus platyops translate to?
flat faced man from kenya
52
characteristics of Kenyanthropus platyops
skull shape
similarity with other species
no prognathism
K. platyops and H. (A.?) rudolfensis (??????) are they the similar and scientist weren’t sure if they were one species or not??
53
did robust or gracile come first
gracile
54
what are the three robust australopithecine species
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Australopithecus boisei
Australopithecus robustus
55
where are each from?
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Australopithecus boisei
Australopithecus robustus
aethiopicus from east africa
(ethiopia is in the east)
boisei from east africa
robustus from south africa
56
what robust is the oldest and who does it have a link with?
aethiopicus
afarensis
57
what happened to the three species of robust?
they all died out
58
what are the 3 graciles?
australopithecines africanus
australopithecines afarensis
australopithecines garhi
59
where are these 2 graciles from?
australopithecines africanus
australopithecines afarensis
australopithecines africanus from south africa
australopithecines afarensis from east africa
60
what species is the Taung Child?
africanus
61
who discovered taung child?
raymond dart
62
how old was the taung child estimated to be and how old was he actually?
why?
5-7
was actually 3-4 years
africanus matured 20-50% faster than modern humans
63
what is the branch of paleontology that deals with the process of fossilization?
taphonomy
64
whats species was lucy
a. afarensis
65
which gracile species was most recently discovered?
A garhi
66
_____ lived simultaneously with the ____.
this is called ______
and they were found in ____
a garhi
a africanus
contemporaneous
association
67
what was found in garhi sites?
why was this special
stone tooks with tool marks found on animal bones
this was the strongest evidence of tool use amongst austrapolithecines species
68
what species seems to have a great difference in size?
what are the two possible explainations of this?
the homo/australopithecus habilis
multiple species lumped into one
great sexual dimorphism
69
what are the two possible species of the habilis for those who believe they might be two different species lumped into one species?
small: habilis
large: rudolfensis
70
what are some special things about the homo/a habilis?
tools?
lived for how long
how did they thrive?
how good was their bipedalism
stone tool maker
lived for 1/2 millions years
figured out fire
modern version of bipedalism
71
the habilis followed what tradition of tool making?
and what material?
oldawan tradition
flint
72
the habilis' skeleton is similar to what species because if its ___ and _____
a afarensis
small size
long arms
73
what are the 6 models of bipedalism?
tool use
predator avoidance
locomotor regulation
temperature regulation
carrying bb/food
harvesting
74
what is wrong with the 6 models of bipedalism
we dont evolve to do something, we evolve and we do things that we are capable of.
so they are wrong
75
____ ____ with primates adapted to _____ being inefficient
Phylogenetic inertia with primates adapted to brachiating being inefficient
76
how old are stone tools
2.5 mya
77
what field of study is stone tools considered?
archeology
| NOT paleontology bc they aren't dealing with bones
78
what are the 3 major stone tool technologies from oldest to youngest
oldowan
acheulean
mousterian
79
what is the difference between active hammer and passive?
active hammer: someone sits down and actually works at a core to createa tool
passive:
a man could just throw a rock and use the shards as a tool
80
stone and teeth leave what kinds of marks on bones
stone: v shape
teeth: U shape
81
what are the two main materials of the skeleton
cranial material
postcranial material
82
what is the cranial material made up of
everything associated with skull and teeth
83
what is the skull made up of
cranium
| mandible
84
what are the three main parts of a cranium?
nuchal crest
sagittal crest
zygomatic arch
85
what is the ridge on the back of the skull where neck muscles are attached to called?
nuchal crest
86
what are chewing muscles attached to?
sagittal crest
87
what is another name for cheekbone
zygomatic arch
88
_____ holds bones toghet
ligaments
89
tendons attach what
muscle to bone
90
what are the 3 parts of the spine?
cervical vertebrate
thoracic vertebrate
lumbar vertebrate
91
what is the neck also known as
cervical vertebrate
92
what is is attached to ribs?
thoracic vertebrate
93
what is the pelvis made up of?
2 illia
| 1 sacrum
94
what is the sacrum also known as
tail bone
95
what are arms made up of
humerus
ulna
radius
96
wrist aka
carpals
97
hands aka
metalcarpals
98
fingers
phalanges
99
what are the legs made of
femur (thighs)
tibia
fibula
100
ankle
tarsals
101
foot
metatarsals
102
toes
phalanges
103
did h. erectus come first or ergaster
ergaster
it left africa for asia and became erectus
104
what is the brain size of h. ergaster/erectus
3/4 of humans
105
what was special about the h. e/e
first hominid to leave africa
106
how is the h. e/e size relative to habilis and sapien?
what about brow ridge size
larger than habilis but smaller than sapien
smaller than sapien
107
who found first h erectus?
eugene dubois
108
what kept the h erectus out of the family tree at first and why did this happen?
the piltdown hoax
someone buried an old skill in piltdown england to try to prove the the english were the oldest human species
109
what was the most famous h ergaster?
what were 2 things about him
what was his nickname?
nariokotome boy
tall
most complete skeleton we have
strapping youth
110
what species was nariokotome boy?
h ergaster
111
with what species did the stone tool become the most diverse?
h e/e
112
what were the first tools similar to? what are they called now?
oldowan tools
evolved oldowan
113
what is the new type of stone tool technology called that h e/e used?
acheulian tradition
114
what was different in tool use between ergaster and habilis?
ergaster used the core while habilis used the flakes he chipped off
ergaster tools were more complicated than habilis
115
what kind of hunter was h e/e
skill cooperative
116
what about h e/e life style
caves for shelter
used fire for cooking and warmth but we aren't sure if they were capable of making fire
117
what were hobbits called
homo floresiensis
118
what is the island biogeographic theory
there arent enough resources to maintain animals so their either die or become pygmies
119
whats pygmies
smaller
120
how are archaic homo sapiens (AHS) different from us?
they aren't anatomically modern yet bc
teeth were larger
body was more robust
mix of ancestral and derived traits
frankfort horizontal plane
121
what were the 3 main AHS?
| and what is the last main one?
H. heidelbergensis
H. antecessor
H. neanderthalensis
(denovisans)
122
where were each found?
H. heidelbergensis
H. antecessor
H. neanderthalensis
H. heidelbergensis: all over the world (asia, africa)
H. antecessor: west europe
H. neanderthalensis: east and west europe, middle east
123
what is H. neanderthalensis also called
why are they special?
neanderthal
we share 2% DNA
we've mapped 65% of their DNA
124
why are denovisans special?
they are the most recent discovery
some ppl might have 2-5% of their DNA
125
what is Frankfort horizontal (plane)
the eyeline
proper orientation of the skull
126
why is the neandertal called neandertal?
it was found in neander valley, germany
127
where is the neandertal from
europe and middle east
128
what are the 4 characteristics of neanderthal
very large brain
occipital bun
back of skull protrudes
mid face prognathism
retromolar space
behind last molar
129
what was the first neadertal skull called
la chapelle neandertal
130
what were neandertal tools known as?
mousterian
131
how did neandertals live?
cannibalistic probbaly
bury dead
more males than females
some sort of language kinda
music
132
who concluded neandertal had a language and how did he digure this out
what sound couldn't they make?
what did AMHS (anatomically modern humans) and neanderthals have in common?
lieberman
constructed vocal anatomy
vowel sound
the hyoid bone is exactly the same but big hyoid is also similar to humans and pigs can talk sooooooooo
133
what kind of instrument did neandertals have
bone flute made from bear femur
134
what did caves do for neandertals
it limited their resources
| might be why they died out too
135
where are the oldet sites of anatomically modern homo sapiens( AMHS)
s and e africa
136
_____ existed ____ the AHS disappeared
AMHS
before
137
who were the oldest AMHS population
and what was special about them
Kung
they probably gave rise to all humans
138
what are the 3 popular theories for human origins
1) multiregional hypothesis (humans evolved evolved simultaneously in different regions), regional continuity, regional coalescence
2) out of africa, mitochondrial eve, replacement hypothesis(model), garden of eden.
3) MOSTLY out of africa hypothesis
139
which theory of human origins is most believed
3) MOSTLY out of africa hypothesis
140
hard times among the neaderthals
species:
main topic:
species: neanderthals
main topic: the violence they experience and they should be considered more as a human
141
rethinking neanderthals
species:
main topic:
species: neanderthals
main topic: contrary to the idea the neanderthal were evolutionary failures
they are actually quite human like: sophisticated tools, social life which involved caring for sick and burying dead
142
twilight of the neandertals
species:
main topic:
species:neanderthal
main topic: they struggled to survive as the climate kept changing and couldn't complete with new species of humans
143
a new view on the birth of homo sapiens
species:
main topic:
species: AMHS
main topic: neither out of africa replacement model nor multiregional hypothesis win completly win out
144
meet the new human family
species:
main topic:
species: modern humans
| main topic: we shared the planet with other humans
145
refuting the myth about human origins
species:
main topic:
species: AMHS
main topic:
for decades, archeologist believed that modern human behavior as reflected in tools and food getting strategies developed along with what is identified in the fossil record as modern homo sapiens
but archeological evidence now shows that some of these behaviors, most importantly our capacity for wide behavioral variability, actually occurred among ppl who lived long ago, particularly in africa
146
the birth of childhood
species:
main topic:
species: AMHS and apes
main topic: unlike apes, humans depend on parents long after weaning. with new technology, we know when and why our technology evolved.
147
a bigger, better brain
species:
main topic:
species: apes, dolphins
main topic:diverse food getting strategies employed by dolphin and ape societies are an excellent gauge of their social complexity as well as example of how brain complexity, social complexity, and ecological complexity are all linked
148
the naked truth
species:
main topic:
species: humans
main topic:origins of human hairlessness and him that naked skin was a key factor in the emergence of other human traits such as the ability to cover long distances in the pursuit of food
149
can white men jump
main topic:
main topic: clusters of ethnic and geographical athletic success prompt suspicions of hidden genetic advantages. the real advantages are much more cultural and more nuanced and less hidden
150
skin deep
altho migration and cultural adaptations tend to complicate the picture, human skin color has evolved to be dark enough to precent sunlight from destroying nutrient folate, but light enough to foster the production of vitamin D
151
how real is race: using anthropology to make sense of human
author claims race isnt a scientifically valid biological category. it should be seen as a cultural invention
152
the tall and short of it
our body has plasticity so we can cope with a wide variety of environments. the average height of any group of ppl can be used as a barometer of the health of their particular society
153
dead men do tell tales
the plea for the continued and expanded use of forensic anthropology. there are too many stories to be told and so much justice yet to be carried out
154
the viral super highway
the modern world is a viral super highway. environmental disruption and international travel has brought on a new era of human disease. one marked by new diabolical disease
155
the perfect plague
globalization, changing climate, and the threat of drug resistance has conspired the stage for the perfect microbial storm. HIV or smallpox could burst on the scene and kill millions of ppl
156
the inuit paradox
the traditional diet of the far north, with high protein and high fat contents show that there are no essential foods, only essential nutrients
157
dr darwin
the application of darwin's theory of evolution to the understanding of human diseases will not only help us better treat the symptom of diseases, but also help us understand how microbes and humans have evolved in relation to one another
158
curse and blessing of the ghetto
tay sachs is a choosy killer, targets eastern european jews above others for centuries. by decoding its lethal logic, we can learn a great deal about how genetic disease evolves
159
ironing it out
hemochromatosis is a hereditary disease that disrupts the human body's ability to metabolize iron. to understand why such a deadly disease would be bred into out genetic code, we need to take a closer look at european history, the bubonic plague, and medical practices that were discredited.
