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SOCY 391: Rural SOCIOLOGY > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Giving a place a particular characteristic, thus, naming it suggests what?

A

how people and institutions act towards it.

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2
Q

When governments establish labels for places what happens, and why do they do it?

A

Mainly for administrative purposes, so they can figure out who/ what places are elligible for certain gov programs

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3
Q

How is Rural defined in a consumer society?

A

often by what one shops for

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4
Q

What was the definition of rural pre-globalization?

A

small size and isolation combined to produce relatively homogeneous cultures, with economies based on natural resources and a strong sense of local identity.

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5
Q

What are some things that have changed rural communities?

A

Globalization, connectivity, and lifestyle changes with shifting income distributions. They are neither isolated or homogeneous as they once were

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6
Q

In relation to Rural what does Isolation mean?

A

A sense that rural people live out there whole lives in the towns which they were born.

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7
Q

Has Isolation been true for all rural people?

A

No. Loggers, farmers miners routinely moved to wherever they could find work and land, however, some rural people were isolated.

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8
Q

In relation to Isolation in rural areas why is Mcdowell county a good example of this?

A

Because they lived in the hollows in the hill living on game (animals they hunted) and part time work, cutting wood or doing construction.

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9
Q

What has altered rural communtities isolation?

A

canals, railways, highways, airways.

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10
Q

What have improved road systems done to rural areas?

A

occupation and spending patterns

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11
Q

Do people in urban areas often commute to work?

A

yes. they live in one town and commute to another

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12
Q

Where do urban people buy their products?

A

suburban areas like malls

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13
Q

In regions where no metropolitan area exists where do people purchase products and obtain services?

A

small towns have become a sort of regional trade center. for example nelson county people going to lovingston, or charlottesville

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14
Q

What has had an immense impact on reducing isolation?

A

Communication technologies- blogs and twitter, rural residents can watch tv shows that enrich their lives and their intellect.

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15
Q

Communication technologies have made rural areas…?

A

as literate informed and enriched as their Urban counterparts

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16
Q

Communities that are rural and remote and are persistenly poor are what..?

A

Much more isolated then than rural residents in areas of urban sprawl and high rural amenities.

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17
Q

In relation to definitions of rural what are the three overarching catergories?

A

County designations, place, and eligibility designations

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18
Q

In relation to County Designations, what would define a metropolitan counties?

A

Over 50,000 people within a county, mostly in an urban core.

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19
Q

In relation to County Designations what is a Nonmeteropolitan county defined as?

A

Those with fewer than 50,000 and no urban core.

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20
Q

In relation to country designations. What is defined as a micropolitan?

A

10,000 to 49,000 with an urban core

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21
Q

In relation to Place designations What is considered rural on the US census?

A

Open countryside or towns of fewer than 2,500 outside urbanized residents

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22
Q

In relation to place designations what is considered rural based on Statistics Canada?

A

Nonurban: not continously built up areas with population of 1,000 or more and a densityu of fewer than 400 people per squarekilometer

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23
Q

In relation to eligibility designation what are the Sample population cutoffs for qualifying for the rural program, Rural housing

A

20,000 or fewer

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24
Q

In relation to eligibility designation what are the Sample population cutoffs for qualifying for the rural program, telecomm loans?

A

5,000 or fewer

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25
Q

In relation to eligibility designation what are the Sample population cutoffs for qualifying for the rural program, water and waste grants?

A

10,000 or fewer

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26
Q

In relation to eligibility designation what are the Sample population cutoffs for qualifying for the rural program, intermediary relending loans?

A

25,000 or fewer

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27
Q

In relation to eligibility designation what are the Sample population cutoffs for qualifying for the rural program, rural business programas?

A

50,000 or fewer outside a metropolitan area

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28
Q

In relation to eligibility designation what are the Sample population cutoffs for qualifying for the rural program, electric (prior to and beyond 2000)

A

before 2000- 1500 or less

beyond 2000- 2500 or fewer

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29
Q

What brought europeans africans and asians to rural america?

A

Commercial/ industrial intrests. and national intrests encourged them to settle land.

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30
Q

Socilogits use the term in a few ways but they all relate around what topic?

A

groups of people

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31
Q

What are three definitions socilogists use to define community??

A
  1. a place/ location where people interact with one another
  2. social system, the organizatio n or set of organizations where a group or people meet their needs
  3. shared sense of identity
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32
Q

The concept of community is often based on what?

A

a shared sense of place

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33
Q

In relation to community what does a shared sense of place entail?

A

relationships with people, cultures, and environments (both natural and built) associated with a particular area.

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34
Q

Was there a time when rural commhnities turned to their communities for everuthing?

A

Yes, people lived, worked, worshipped, shopped banked, sent their children to school and socialized in the same place.

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35
Q

What are three elements of commuinity?

A

location social system and identity, they are increasingly seperate

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36
Q

in the past what did community offer in rural areas?

A

a place that housed both social institutions (schools churches govs. business) through which peoples needs were met and a shared sense of identity was created.

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37
Q

What has improved transportation and telecommunication done to communities?

A

Made people more mobile and put people in touch with a wider circle of aquaintences.

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38
Q

For some, a sense of community comes from, those who do similar things or share common values not from..?

A

Those living in the same town.

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39
Q

What are two communities this book explores?

A

communities of interedt and place.

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40
Q

In the book, it mentions a community may not provide a social system where the needs of its members are met or a sense of identity but what it does provide is?

A

Locality

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41
Q

What is locality?

A

a geographically defined place where people interact. the way people interact shape the structures and institutions of the locality those

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42
Q

In relation to locality, the way people interact shape?

A

the structures and institutions of the locality, and those structures and institutions in turn shape the activities of those people who interact.

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43
Q

Every community no matter how poor has resources. When those resources - or assets- are invested to create new resources they become what?

A

capital.

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44
Q

What do the seven capitals individually and together contrubute or detract from?

A

Sustainable communities

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45
Q

What are sustainable communities?

A

Strive to bring economic security to all, foster a healthy ecosystem, and offer social inclusion to all residents.

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46
Q

What is Dercapitalized?

A

When one capital is emphasized over all others. The economy, environment or social equoty is thus comprimised

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47
Q

What is Natural Capital?

A

Includes water air, soil, wildlife, vegitation, lanscape, provides us with possibilities and limits of community sustainablity

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48
Q

What is natural capital inflienced by/ what does it do?

A

Influenced by human activities, and infliences human activity, and forms the basis for all the other capitals.

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49
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

determines a groups world view, how it see’s the w0orls how the seen is connected to the unseen, what is valued, and what things groups think is possible for change

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50
Q

What is Social capital?

A

Who you know, your connections.involves mutual trust, relationships, , groups collecgtive identity, working together.

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51
Q

What is bonding and bridging social capital?

A

Bonding- interactions within s0pecific group

bridging- interaqctions among social groups

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52
Q

What is political capital?

A

ability of community to turn its norms and values into standards (which are then translated to rules and regs which determine the distribution of resources.

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53
Q

What is financial capital?

A

Includes savings, bonds, invbestment, liquid cash, , income, wealth

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54
Q

What is Built capital?

A

Human constructed infrastructure: built capital can cause deteriotation of other capital wihout regard for its consequences

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55
Q

What does built capital include?

A

Oil pipelines, highways, railways, technologies, bridges, chemicals, factories.

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56
Q

What is legacy?

A

What families or communities pass down from generation to generation in the form of all capitals.

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57
Q

What two words embody the Rural-Urban divide?

A

Gemeinschaft, and Gesellschaft

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58
Q

What is Gemeinschaft?

A

Reffers to a society based on personal relationships and face to face interactions, in which social relations are valued as an end or goal

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59
Q

What is Gesellschaft?

A

Descirbes a society based on impersonal, formal, and contractual relationships. Social relations are a mean to an end.

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60
Q

What do sociologists argue about those who are in modern day cities?

A

That they organize themselves in a variety of smaller social groups or smaller communities

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61
Q

What do modern day sociologists say in regard to isolation and rural cities today?

A

That improved transportation and Information Technology commuications allow them t trancend their local communities and be apart of different social groups outside of the one they grew up in. lessing dependence on a single group and reducing isolation

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62
Q

Communities may have what…?

A

Political (governments) environmental (water-sheds) social and cultural boundaries.

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63
Q

The changes in rural america can best be understood by what?

A

Examining the major institutional actors in market, state, and civil societies `

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64
Q

What are markets?

A

the many firms and corporations that exchange goods and services for a profit. These connsist of profit maximizing orgs. Farms, Cooperatives, and transnational firms are all apart of the market sector

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65
Q

What is the State?

A

Something that makes markets possibles, is complicit to neoliberal market and firm practices. Creates legislation to allow markets and firms to move freely and concentrate finanacial capital in the hands of a few which the state believes is good for public welfae.

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66
Q

The state includes what…?

A

Local, state, national, and international governments, which all include legislative, executive, and judiciary branches.

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67
Q

What does the Legislative branch do?

A

Makes laws and allocates resourcs

68
Q

What does the e4xecutive branch do?

A

implements laws and distributes resources

69
Q

What does the Judjicial branch do?

A

sancions those who do not follow laws.

70
Q

The state provides the…?

A

Rulesunder which the market operates so that the common good is fufilled while also making firms a profit

71
Q

What does Civil society do?

A

Determines the common good. These groups formal and informal join together around common interests or values. through organized activity they impact the state and the market.: Sierra club, BLM

72
Q

How does civil society influence the state?

A

by bringing lawsuits (influencing the judicial branch) forming legislation (influencing the legeslative branch) and urging particular laws to be enforced (influencing the administrative part of government.

73
Q

Generally how does Civil spciety exert influence?

A

Based on their deeply held values or a desired future worldview/ future conditions

74
Q

Individuals relate to the civil society when?

A

They become participants or members

75
Q

What are ways in which individuals are apart of the state and the market?

A

The state- voting, paying taxes, obeying laws

The market- paying taxes, jobs. indiidual producers and consumers

76
Q

What are the four major ways to structurally view and examine rural social problems?

A

Rapid growth based on rural amenities,
persistent poverty,
being rural and remote,
rapid growth near urban areas

77
Q

What is Amenity based-rapid growth?/ what are the problems with it?

A

A community that is desirable for other people and businesses so their is high in-migration, high housing costs, increasing taxes which force community memebers out, and growing migrant population attracted by jobs in service economy.

78
Q

What are the environmental impacts of Amenity based rapid greowth?

A

water use for commercial development lowers lake levels and decreases the flow of area streams threatenting wildlifew, deforestation, erosion from extensive land use

79
Q

What is an example of amenity based rapid growth?

A

Mammouth county, economic activity shifted from mining to timber to hiking to fishing to skiining. and, brought in high in migration and increased cost of liviing and taxes forcing long time residents out

80
Q

What are persistent poverty communities?

A

Mcdowell county is a good example, a county that relied heavily on the coal industry but when the coal industry moved out, it left workers with that skill set stangnat with no where to go.

81
Q

What are some charecteristics of Communities with persisitent poverty?

A

illiteracy is high, infant mortality, doctors dentists etc are hard to findd, young people see little incentive to invest ion schools because there are no jobs to prepare for, communities find it difficult to attract businesses

82
Q

Mcdowell county is among how many meteropolitan counties classified as persistently poor?

A

301

83
Q

How does Rural and Remote delineate rural social problems?

A

refers to counties that have small populations and are far from meteropolitan centers. often they are losing population (Think of Irwin from 1940 to now)

84
Q

Most rural and remote counties are where?

A

In the upper great plains

85
Q

For the most part, rural and remote places are what…?

A

well educated and have had high average incomes in the past , but, jobs have not grown fast enough to replace those lost. many wonder if these counties will become the new poor.

86
Q

What is Rapid Growth Exurban?

A

Urban sprawl (expansion of urban areas) threatens rural communities close by social financial and natural capital. The tax base does not expand fast enough as the growing populations needs, while developers make money, local govs dstruggle to make ends meet.

87
Q

Definitions of social problems depend on what?

A

What people feel they can control, , fair, and what they value.

88
Q

What four things do people point to when mentioning rural areas contributiin to society today?

A
  1. food security
  2. protection of the ecosystem
  3. value system coinnected to land and human relationships
  4. protection of diversity
89
Q

How many people in the us have chosen to live in rural areas?

A

1/5

90
Q

Rural social problems can be examined in terms of change. what 5 changes are the crux of this?

A

History, climate, rural-urban linkages, the economy, policy choices, and communities indivudal choices.

91
Q

Commuunity is described in this book as?

A

A plave or location in which people interact for a mutual benefit

92
Q

The book believes that rural social issues can be explained by what factors?

A

Community’s history, it’s link to urban areas, natural resource base, climate, economy, policy choices, and choices made by community itself.

93
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

A toolkit of symbols, stories, rituals, traditions, language, sports, religion, and worldview carried through generation to generation

94
Q

What is Legacy?

A

Traditions, or cultural capital parents pass on to their children

95
Q

What is socialization?

A

Hpw we are constantly being shaped and influenced by our interactions and things around us

96
Q

What is the #1 agent of socilization?

A

Your familym, first interactions

97
Q

In rural areas how are families socilalized to see success?

A

In urban areas it’s by monetary affluence. but in rurl areas it’s by the size of your family

98
Q

What are tangible measures of success constructed by this culture?

A

Money, status, occupation, family.

99
Q

What does socially constructed mean.

A

We are creating what we are definigng as our own culture, or we are creating a socially reality, by reinforcing ideologies, institutions, etc

100
Q

What is social idenitity?

A

Relationships to community or social groups. and your cultural aspects: language, food, music, sports

101
Q

What is self identity?

A

Gender, sex, race, class, sexual orientation

102
Q

In relation to MARX What is Bourgeoisie, petite bourgeoisie, and proletarian?

A

Bourgeoisie- Owners of the means of production
Petite Bourgeoisie- Business oners, don’t own complete means o production but try to trancend through small means of production
Proletarian- working class

103
Q

In relation to C. Wright Mills what is the middle class and when did it emerge?

A

Early 1900’s as jobs became specialized, and you had to have a certain skill set.

104
Q

What is stratification?

A

Dividing groups into categories and creating a hierarchy

105
Q

What is social mobility?

A

Movement among groups, IE Upward or Downward mobility.

106
Q

What does Bourdieu say about hegemony?

A

One social group imposes it’s symbols and reward system on other groups

107
Q

What does hegemony do to people of power and powerless people?

A

people of power do not comprehend other people’s symbols

while powerless groups come to resent those in power or their symbols.

108
Q

What is an example of power/poweless groups and hegemony

A

BLM compared to all lives matter

109
Q

What does media hegemony do?

A

Reinforces streotypes. Stereotypes are “useful” for dominant group

110
Q

In relation to Family Legacy, What are the two main child rearing practices?

A

Concerted cultivation, and Accomplishment of natural growth

111
Q

What child reaering practice is more likely to fgall in line with middle class/ lower class families?

A

Middle class- concerted cultivation

lower class- Accomplishment of natural growth

112
Q

What is Concerted Cultivation?

A

Exposing them to many different activities, and allowing responses, and communication, and putting energy into a skill of the child, and showing up and spending time and being involved with the child in many facets of their life. focused more on giving them best life

113
Q

What is accomplishment of natural growth?

A

Creative, free because family memeber is less involved with the child, due to the amount one has to work, more connected with extended family and community members. focused more on survival

114
Q

What is Double consciousness and who coined this term?

A

W.E.B DuBois, and it isthe conflict between the two identities one posses and how those are divided within a person

115
Q

What is an example of double consciousness?

A

If an african american wants to practice their cultural african heritage they are scrutinized for not acting on their american heritage

116
Q

What are the Minority resources to double consciousness?

A

Assimilation, passing, withdraw, resistance

117
Q

What is Passing?

A

Similar to blending in, but maybe while they haven’t fully jumped in, but are passing

118
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

COMPLETELY ADAPTING THE CULTURE NORMAS, AND HERITAGE OF THE DOMINANT GROUPS

119
Q

What is Withdraw?

A

People who move away; refugees

120
Q

What is Resistance?

A

When minority groups fight back against assimilation

121
Q

In relation to Legacy and gender what are the traditional expectations and aspirations for both men and women?

A

Men: Independent competent
Women: Resourceful, homemaking skills, importance of family

Howeve, this view is entirely outdated and has changed completelyas the societal notion of gender roles and hopw we view the gender binary has changed over the years, and social movewmets like feminism have sparked the conversation of the opprression of women, especial ewomen of color (which acctuali;ly the feminist movment didnt address as weell

122
Q

In relation to Legacy and Race, What is Importance placed on?

A

Social, cultural herritage, community ties: Church, sports

123
Q

What is Code switching?

A

Whenever you go out into the world you go out and act accordingly, And when you’re front stage you change the way that is culturally apporpriate. : Language dress code etc

124
Q

In Bowling alone, what did Toquesville think makes democracy?

A

Americans forming associations, and getting involved in civic engagement

125
Q

In Bowling alone, what Happened to voter turnout from the 1960’s compared to the 2000’s?

A

Voting has decreased by nearly a quarter

126
Q

In Bowling alone, what happened to trust in the government?

A

Trust in gov respondans who respondended they trusted gov somewhat or never moved from 30 percent to 75 percent in 1998, lowest trust level in rural communities of color

127
Q

In Bowling alone, what happened to church membership?

A

Declined from 48 percent in 1950’s to 41 percent in 1970s to even lowe today

128
Q

In Bowling alone, what happened to union member ship?

A

Declined

129
Q

In Bowling alone, what happened to informal social ties?

A

in 1975, americans hosted people on average 15 times during the year. Today it’s half those levels

130
Q

In Bowling alone, what did Mega Churches exemplify?

A

re;igious affiliation accounts for half of our social capital

131
Q

In Bowling alone, what does it imply about diversity?

A

It does not produce bad race relations or thnically defined group hostility, rather, diverse communities tend to withdraw from collective life, distrust their neighbors. etc

132
Q

In Bowling alone, what does that look like today?

A

Surfing alone. People dont go out as much as they put as much emphasis on connecting with others through the internet

133
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what was the Location?

A

Two Rural aa communities in NC

134
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what was the Purpose?

A

Understanding the correlation betwen the heaslth issues in the AA communities and if social capital is related.

135
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what was the methodology used?

A

qualatative study, focus groups, key informants-people who were experts in those areas

136
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what were the four themes that arose?

A
  1. interpersonal process,
  2. community strctural environment
  3. social disorder
  4. civic engagement
137
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what was the interpersonal process?

A

The stigma with hiv in church and in community fforced no one to talk about the disease thus ignore the possibility fir healing

138
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what did Community structural environment relate to?

A

Avaliablity and access to resources, segregation and institustional racism

139
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what did social disorder relate to?

A

Lsck of police presence, and opoverty and low socioeconomic status mixed with low social mobility led to actvities like selling drugs or prostitution

140
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what was Civic engagement?

A

Church was the main place for social engagement but church was not talking about it .

141
Q

In understanding social capital and HIV risk in Rural AA Communities, what was the conclusion?

A

Improve economic conditions, More avaliability to resources, battle stigma , communication

142
Q

What is social capital?

A

Forming groups collaboratin, collective identity, cillective action, social connection

143
Q

What level of social capitAal did Rand WV have?

A

low social capital

144
Q

What is social exclusion?

A

Shaming and leaving out certain members of a group

145
Q

What is the other or otherness in relaqtion to social exclusion?

A

If someone was shunned or deemed a social outcast

146
Q

What are some charecteristics that arise due to social exclusion?

A

poor skills, crime, unemployment, discrimination, bad health, family break down, poor housing

147
Q

What did Pierre Bourdeau say aboiut social capital in 1986?

A

Actual or potential resources that derive from a durable network of more or less institutionalized rrelationshipsof mutual acquantince and recognition.. Which provides it’s members with collectively owned capital

148
Q

In relation to social capital, what are the 5 elements of community?

A
  1. Groups and networks
  2. Trust
  3. Collective Acgtion
  4. Social Inclusion
  5. Info and Communication
149
Q

What did Bourdaueu say about the Negative effect of socalcapital?

A

Group members acting as a custodian and of group limits and boundries and keeping those who might change the essential nature of the group out

150
Q

What did Alexis Toquesville say about social capital?

A

Emphasized the importance of civil engagement.

151
Q

What did Durkheim say about social capital in 1912?

A

Social Solidarity and Social Cohesion, Hw to make people feel like there apart of a group. specific symbolds that form cohesion within a group and enforcing shared identity

152
Q

What did durkenheim posit to make people feel like theyre apart of a group?

A

Civil Recession- PAtriatisom sand sacared rituals and symbolys that unite a people. like natuonal holiday

153
Q

What does Civil recision do?

A

Builds the collective identity lof the place

154
Q

In realtion to Ken Wilkersons analsis what is the difference between social field and Community field?

A

SOcial- Serves intrests of particular individuals or groupos

community- serves the interest of the entire community

155
Q

What does Bonding ocial capital mean?

A

Connections among individuals and groups with similar backrounds. IE Class Gender kinship, etc

156
Q

What does Bridging social capital mean?

A

connects diverse groups within the community to each other and to groups outside the community

157
Q

In relation to bridging and bonding social capital what capital has low bridging and bonding?

A

Extreme individualism

158
Q

In relation to bridging and bonding social capital what capital has high bridgig but low bonding?

A

Clientelism

159
Q

In relation to bridging and bonding social capital what capital has High bonding but low bridging?

A

Strong Boundaries

160
Q

In relation to bridging and bonding social capital what capital has High bridiging and bonding?

A

ESI( Entrepurneruial Social Infrstrcuture)

161
Q

What is ESI or Progressive participation?

A

Community decides priorities based on the common good

162
Q

What does Strong Boundaries mean?

A

(Conflict with outside internal factionalism) Particulsaristic internal investment, when your kins in office you get potholes fixed No ousidde communication or trust

163
Q

What does extreme individualism mean?

A

Absence of social capital, wealthy investments for themselves: poor excluded from access to commnity capitals

164
Q

What does clientelism mean?

A

Community decisions based om what outsiders from market, state, or civil society offer, building power of lcal elities and service providers

165
Q

What does ESI entail?

A

Sense of agency you feel like you belong you want to see good happen between communities

166
Q

What are the three basic features of ESI?

A
  1. Legit of al,ternatives
  2. inclusion of diverse networks
  3. resource mobility

SOCY 391: Rural SOCIOLOGY (3 decks)

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