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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

blade

A

big fat leafy part (flat)

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2
Q

petiole

A

leaf stalk

–has give and catches sunlight

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3
Q

sessile

A

No petiole– attached right to twig

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4
Q

stipule

A

leaf like growth near the base of a petiole

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5
Q

simple leaf

A

one leaf on one petiole

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6
Q

compound leaf

A

many leaflets on one leaf petiole ==petiole, rachis, petiolule, leaflets

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7
Q

doubly compound leaf

A

multiple leaves on each projection on one leaf

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8
Q

leaflet

A

compound leaf==each individual leaf

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9
Q

rachis

A

main vein of a compound leaf

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10
Q

pinnately compound

A

leaves arranges oppositely with multiple petiolules wiht leaflets attached along the rachis (main vein)

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11
Q

palmately compound

A

compound leaf where each leaflet is attached to a central point at the top of the petiole

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12
Q

pinnately veined

A

one central vein and all other veins oppositely arranged connecting to the central vein

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13
Q

palmately veined

A

all veins connect at a central point

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14
Q

arcuately veined

A

curved veins curving up from an attached point along the central vein (like pinnate only curved)

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15
Q

parallel veined

A

grass= straight veins running along the length of the blade

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16
Q

opposite

A

MAD CAP HORSE

Maple Ash Dogwood=Trees/shrubs=Horse chestnut/buckeyes

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17
Q

alternate

A

not opposite

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18
Q

whorled

A

attached to same point (base) like grass or dandelion weeds

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19
Q

serrate

A

fine sharp teeth

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20
Q

pubescent

A

hariy

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21
Q

glabrous

A

smooth (no hair)

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22
Q

node

A

where leaves were attached (bump)

meet twig

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23
Q

internode

A

space between nodes

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24
Q

axil

A

notch where petiole and twig meet

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25
terminal/apical bud
largest bud at the very end
26
lateral/axillary bud
buds along the sides of the twig
27
bud scale scar
growth rings | mark end of last years growth
28
leaf scar
below the bud | when leaf fell off
29
bundle scar
tiny dots inside leaf scar ends of veins that transported food and water between leaf and twig may form a pattern
30
pith
continuous or chambered | in the middle of the twig
31
lenticel
raised dots along the twig
32
irregular flowers
bilaterally symmetrical, zygomorphic
33
regular flowers
radially symmetrical, actinomorphic
34
leaves divided
compound leaves
35
syncarpic pistil
all carpals and 1 pistil
36
apocarpic
separate carpals
37
staminal tube
fusion of the stamens
38
corolla tube
fusion of the petals
39
carpals
parts of the ovary
40
parts of pistil
stigma, style, ovary (female)
41
parts of stamen
anther, filament (male parts)
42
parts of flower
pistil, stamen, petal, sepals, receptacle, peduncle
43
sepals
protect flower, leaf like structure
44
ovary
contains ovule develops into fruit fruit protects seed and promote dispersal
45
anthers
pollen produciton
46
where must pollen land in order to produce a seed
stigma
47
ovule
pollen tube grows to here where sperm is released from pollen tube develops into seed
48
corolla
all petals combined
49
calyx
all sepals combined
50
perianth
both corolla and calyx
51
tepals
when sepals are the same shape, size, and color as the petals
52
function of petals and tepals
attract pollinators and protection
53
perfect flower
has both male and female parts | both pistil and stamen
54
complete flower
has all 4 whorls | corolla, calyx, androecium, and gynoecium
55
androecium
male parts
56
gynoecium
female parts
57
parts of composite flower
disk flower, ray floret, bracts, receptacle
58
bracts
individual bract=phyllary together=involucre bracts=modified leaves
59
imperfect flower
unisexual, missing either male or female parts
60
epigynous
inferior ovary
61
hypogynous
superior ovary
62
where are least mature disk flowers located
in the middle
63
fillament
support anther
64
stigma
captures pollen
65
style
``` pathway for the pollen tube extends stigma (gets it above flower) ```
66
differences between disc flowers and ray flowers
ray flowers: ovary is fertile, no stamen, no corrola (flat blade), no anthers, zygomorphic Disc flowers: ovary is infertile, had stamen, had corrola, (round circular blade), actinomorphic
67
annual
grows for one year and dies
68
biennial
plant takes two years to complete its biological life cycle
69
perennial
surface plant dies but comes back the next year
70
peanut
legume
71
pecan
true nut
72
walnut
drupacious nut
73
apple
pome
74
maple/ash
samara
75
pineapple
multiple fruit
76
iris
capsule
77
corn
grain/caryopis
78
sunflower
acene
79
coconut
drupe
80
almond
drupe
81
acorn
nut
82
tomato
true berry
83
milkweed
follicle
84
black locust
legume
85
testa
seed coat
86
hilum
scar where seed was attached to placenta
87
micropyle
small hole in which the pollen tube entered the seed
88
cotyledons
takes place of the endosperm seed leaves become first leaves
89
endosperm
food storage for the embryo | provides energy
90
hypocotyl
large conical structure | upper part forms lower stem
91
radicle
tip of hypocotyl embryonic root develops root
92
plumule
small folded leaves embryonic shoot develops into shoot/uperstem
93
raphe
line extending up one side of the seed | formed from fusion of ovule stalk to developing seed coat
94
castor bean cotyledon and endosperm
endosperm=super thin | cotyledon=thicker
95
castor bean embryo
embryo is less developed and will take longer to germinate | endosperm still present
96
fruit
a ripened or matured ovary with any other associated floral parts that may be fused to it
97
regions of the fruit
pericarp== all three together exocarp=outer mesocarp=middle endocarp=inner
98
berry
simple fruits- derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits fleshy at maturity fruit wall inside the epidermis entirely fleshy, usually more than one seed
99
pome
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits fleshy at maturity fruit wall inside the epidermis not entirely fleshy endocarp membranous, most of the fruit composed of a fleshy receptacle Ex. apple, pear
100
Drupe
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits fleshy at maturity fruit wall inside the epidermis not entirely fleshy endocarp hard and stony, making up the pit, usually only one seed, not an accessory fruit ex. peach
101
accessory fruit
fruit derived from the receptacle
102
samara
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits dry at maturity fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity) pericarp with winglike extensions
103
nut
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits dry at maturity fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity) pericarp lacking wings pericarp very hard and stony, one seed not fused to the pericarp
104
grain/caryopsis
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits dry at maturity fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity) pericarp lacking wings pericarp never stony, may be hard or papery seed fused to pericarp corn kernal
105
Achene
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits dry at maturity fruit indehiscent (not opening at maturity) pericarp lacking wings pericarp never stony, may be hard or papery seed not fused to pericarp (may be attached at one point) sunflower seed
106
follicle
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits dry at maturity fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity) composed of one carpal opening along one suture, or seam ex. milkweed
107
legume
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits dry at maturity fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity) composed of one carpal opening along two suture, or seam ex peanut
108
silique (slender) | silicle (oval)
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits dry at maturity fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity) composed of more than one carpal, fused together composed of two carpals, persistent membrane separating the carpals (peals apart on both sides)
109
Capsule
simple fruits-derived from a single ovary of a single flower fruits dry at maturity fruit dehiscent (splitting open at maturity) composed of more than one carpal, fused together composed of two or more carpals, no membrane present ex. iris
110
compound fruits
derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers
111
multiple fruit
compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers fruit derived from several ovaries of several flowers, fused together ex. raspberry
112
aggregate accessory fruit
compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers fruit derived from several ovaries of a single flower fruit with prominent fleshy receptacle ex. strawberry
113
aggregate fruit
compound fruits- derived from either several ovaries of a single flower or from the ovaries of several flowers fruit derived from several ovaries of a single flower fruit lacking a fleshy receptacle ex
114
hesperidium
berry | citrus fruits
115
pepo
``` berry squash family lots of seeds firm rind cucumber melons ```
116
single seeded berry
avocado
117
false berries
``` bananas blueberries cranberries epigynous flowers receptacle becomes part of fruit ```
118
seed pericarp
thin transparent and fused with seed coat | outermost layer
119
scutellum
cotyledon in corn kernel
120
highest concentration of starch
in the endosperm
121
monocot
one coyledon | parts of 3
122
dicot
two cotyledons | parts of 5
123
coleoptile
modified leaf | protects the plumule
124
coloerhiza
surrounds and protects radicle
125
tomato ovary
hypogynous superior true berry
126
locule
space between seed (placenta) and endocarp
127
apple
pome inferior ovary hypanthium makes up edible part of fruit
128
hypanthium
receptacle surround ovary and fuse with gynoecium (pistil)
129
best developed embryo
soy bean seed
130
cell wall
``` structure/protection cellulose hemicellulose pectin glycoproteins ```
131
central vacuoles
``` clear areas in cell fluid filled cavities filled with cell sap salt, sugars, organic acids. waste product crystals, water soluble pigments helps maintain pressure aids in recycling ```
132
Methods of seed dispersal
``` Air Water Gravity animals Mechanical ```
133
Gravity
``` Large round heavy fruits drop to the ground Rolling or bursting may occur Passionfruit Apples Coconuts Pears ```
134
Animal seed dispersal
Surround seed it brightly covered and sweet tasting pulp Animals eat fruit ad then disperse seeds in tier droppings squirrels nuts and foxes raspberries Same even put seeds in ground and forget about them and they germinate
135
Mechanical/force
Eject seed from pod by using the evaluation of water from the seed pod Geraniums Broom Viola
136
Wind
Dandelions have almost weightless fluff that allows them to drift in even the slightest breeze Milkweed sycamore (winged seeds)
137
Water
Willow or water Lilly Coconut Mangrove Produce seeds that float and are then transported downstream ad wash up on shore
138
to germinate
seed must be viable | may need a period of dormancy before germination
139
how dormancy is broken
mechanical or physiological circumstances temperature/combo of different temps and weather favorable environmental factors=oxygen, water, light scarification stratification after-ripening
140
stratification
placing moistened seeds in a refridgerator
141
scarification
nicking or slightly cracking the seed coats or dipping the seeds in a concentrated acid for a few seconds to a few minutes
142
after ripening
seeds wont germinate after the fruit has dropped until the embryo has fully developed with aid of food materials stored in its endosperm
143
cellulose
layers of fibrils
144
hemicellulose
hold fibrils together | like glue
145
pectin
jelly like substance
146
middle lamella
layer of pectin between cell walls of adjacent cells | primary cell wall is laid down on either side of it
147
cell wall thickening with age
secondary wall forms from thickening of primary wall and inclusion of lignin
148
plasmodesmata
tiny strands of cytoplasm that connect adjacent cells | allows more rapid transfer of sugars, AAs, ions, etc between cells
149
inside the cell
``` cytoplasm nucleus(chromatin, nucleolus) cytoskeleton(mircrotubles, microfilaments) mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes dictyosomes(Golgi bodies) ```
150
Plastids
chloroplast-chlorophyll=green chromoplasts-cartenoid pigments=yellow,orange,red leucoplasts-lipids or starches=colorless (amyloplasts in potato cells)
151
chloroplast
``` thylakoid-individual granum-stack of thylakoid outer mem inner mem intermem space ```
152
anthocyanins
purple, blue, or red water-soluble pigments
153
cytokinesis
division of the remainder of the cell only occurs in meristem tissue no centrioles in plants cell plate forms during telophase
154
phragmoplast
key shaped fibrils composed of micro tubules that developes into the region equator between the daughter nuclei
155
cyclosis
cytoplasmic streaming- cytoplasm moving and the chloroplasts seem to be moving around the periphery of the cell
156
crystals
insolubel waste product to prevent toxicity Oxalic acid=calcium oxalate raphides druses
157
pigment location
cytoplasm, central vacuole, or chromoplasts
158
meristems
apical and lateral meristems | embryonic tissue responsible for growth
159
apical meristem
tips of roots and stem increase length of plant primary tissue/growth
160
lateral meristems
periphery of stems and roots increase in diameter secondary growth/tissue
161
permanent tissues
dermal/surface tissues simple fundamental tissue (ground tissue) conducting tissue(vascular tissue)
162
dermal/surface tissue
epidermis | periderm (cork)
163
simple fundamental tissues (one cell type)
parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma endodermis
164
conducting tissue (complex=more than one cell type)
xylem | phloem
165
epidermis (pavement cells)
``` most inmportant surface tissue in plants that lack lateral meristems sinlge layer thick (mostly) protection keep water in keep bacteria out complex tissue ```
166
stoma (stomata)
space between guard cells | gas exchange that facilitates photosythesis
167
guard cells
two cells coming together gas exchange let gas and water in and out of the cell subsidiary cells (surround guard cells)= formed as part of mitosis that produces guard cell=no chloroplasts
168
periderm/cork
``` replaces epidermis on those plants that have active lateral meristems several/many layers thick dead fit together snugly outer bark-primarily cork cells waterproof protects phloem ```
169
collenchyma
``` simple tissue living elongated cells with tapered ends irregularly thickened cells in cross section (extra primary walls in cell corners) flexible support for the cell often just below the epidermis ```
170
parenchyma
``` most common simple tissue thin cell walls isodiametric in shape lots of intracellular space large vacuoles water and food storage cell multiplication during damage living ```
171
two types of parenchyma
chlorenchyma== chloroplasts, function in photosynthesis arenchyma=extensive connected air space,typically aquatic plants
172
sclerenchyma
thick secondary wall= normally impregnated with lignin dead at maturity evenly thickened walls support
173
two types of sclerenchyma
sclerids= stone cells, grainy, cells as long as wide thick cell walls lumen pit canals=lines in the lumen fibers= longer than wide thick cell walls small lumens
174
cork cambium
produces outer bark in woody plants outside of vascular cambium produces secondary tissues
175
vascular cambium
produces secondary tissues=lateral growth support and conduction between phloem and xylem and adds to both
176
intercalary meristem
in grass in nodes and can reproduce as long as not cut too short apical meristem
177
xylem
``` chief conducting tissue for water and minerals includes: parenchyma fibers vessels trachieds ray ```
178
vessels
``` in xylem tubelike-long-open dead at maturity thick secondary walls many have spiral thickening on cell walls ```
179
trachids
``` tapered ends with pairs of pits to allow water to pass tube like but thinner pits=areas without secondary wall dead at maturity thick secondary walls ```
180
rays
``` function in lateral conduction and food storage composed of long lived parenchyma cells ```
181
phloem
``` conducts dissolved food nutrients (sugars) produced by photosythesis includes: sieve tube members companion cells parenchyma ```
182
sieve tube members
no secondary wall or nuclei lay end to end=makes tube walls have sieve plates with small pores extending form cytoplasm to cytoplasm callose=forms callus plug during injury
183
companion cells
aid in conduction of food

Botany (4 decks)

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