Test 1 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how govt should function and how politics should operate
A
political culture
2
Q
belief that govt should lmt its role to providing order in society so that citizens can pursue their econic self-interests; places low value on citizen participation; govt should be left to professionals
A
individualistic PC
3
Q
belief that govt should be dominated by political elites and guided by tradition; routed in emphasizing social hierarchy and close interpersonal and familial relations among ppl; concerned w/ preservation of trad and existing social order; public participation is lmted and run by estbd elite
A
traditionalistic PC
4
Q
when one political party dominates government and all other parties take a limited and controlled participation in elections
A
one-party system
5
Q
when two major political parties dominate politics within government; one typically holds a majority in the legislature while the other is the minority party
A
two-party system
6
Q
narrow, lmted and self-interested view of world often associated with rural values and notions of lmted govt
A
provincialism
7
Q
- northward => increasingly arid, forests less freq, post oak trees replaced by praries and brushlands of Central TX;
- eastward => hilly surfaces of forests, where timber prdcn largely takes place, some oil fields;
- westward => cotton prdcn in past, now manufacturing base;
- southern/Rio Grande Plain and Lwr Rio Grande Plain => livestock important, winter vegetable and fruit prdcn;
- where TX political life grew out of as TX went from plantation life preCW to industrialized areas; domd by rural conservative values with new dimensions bc of urbanization
A
Gulf Coastal Plains
8
Q
- predominately agricultural economy
- West TX Rolling Plains are lvl, cultivable land and large cattle-raising industry;
- domd by conserve politics / Repub party
A
Interior Lowlands
9
Q
- nthn economy: domd by ranching and petroleum prdcn
- sthn economy: domd by agriculture and cotton prdcn
- conservative but will likely be affected by urbanization
A
Great Plains
10
Q
-political culture domd by fact that TX and Mexico have been joined at hip economically and demographically; has remained Dem bastion
A
Basin and Range Province
11
Q
20th cent economist that characterized capitalist econic sys of “creative destruction”
A
Joseph Schumpeter
12
Q
creates new econic and social worlds while also destroying old ones
A
creative destruction
13
Q
- one of oldest crops in TX; really began in 1821 w/ arrival of white Amns; industry promoted by political independence, statehood, and ongoing removal of Native Amn “threat”; stimd by breakthrough of barbed wire, building of RRs, and newly designed plow; sharecropping of 1870s fueled radical political discontent -> Grange and Populist mvmts
- started around same time; offered immigrants alt to farming; lmtd to local areas until RRs opened new markets in east; took off after CW and barbed wire
- neither drives political economy as did in past
A
cotton and cattle
14
Q
- bcame economically viabke in 1898; TX accelerated into ___ era by discovery in Spindletop in 1901; by 1930, prwd TX economy instead of agri; led to new industrial rev and more migration from farms to cities -> creation of heartland of TX economy and pop (SA to DFW via 35, DFW to H via 45, H to SA via 10)
- led to boom-and-bust mentality and dev of TX RR commission
- increased state revenue via prdcn taxes, also helped fund hier edu in TX bc of PUF
- paved way for private philanthropy
A
oil and gas
15
Q
after econic malaise of 1980s, TX emerged with transformed state economy driven by rapidly growing and diversifying economy w/ heart at mnfctring sector tied to ___; Austin, Dallas, Houston stand out
A
high tech
16
Q
trade treaty among US, Canada, and Mexico to lwr and eliminate tariffs amg the 3 countries; sought to create a free trade zone; controversial bc of job loss potential, has benefitted TX by diversifying economy; resulted in loss of jobs but more revenue / trade
A
NAFTA
17
Q
began in 2007; took TX four yrs to recover; one of last to enter and first to leave bc low-taxes, low services, free mrkt govt, entrepreneurial sprit, less foreclosure rates, constitutionally stated mortgage policy, and diversified economy (internatl trade, resurgent oil and gas industry)
A
Great Recession
18
Q
process by which people move from rural areas to cities; is leading to increasingly Dem cities while rural areas are solidly Repub and suburbs have pockets of both, but also more Repub
A
urbanization
19
Q
Latino (and Asian) pop growing, TX is full of younger and poorer ppl, minorities have ldrs in various lvls of govt; typical white person no longer typical TXn; ppl are increasingly coming via domestic immigration
A
changing demographics in TX
20
Q
the individ from which the TXC’s description of role of govt “to protect lives, lib, and property of the ppl”; English philosopher and physician of Enlightment Era
A
John Locke
21
Q
concerned with the origin of society and legitimacy of authority; involves the state of nature (where individs had perfect freedom and ppl decide everything for themselves ) and the surrendering of some of our freedoms to submit to authority and achieve protection; there is an agreement entered into by a group of individs surrendering some of their freedom to an authoritative body/group
A
Theory of the Social Contract
22
Q
legal structure of a govt, which estbs its pwr and authority as well as places lmts on that pwr; legitimize state political institutions by clearly explaining source of their pwr and authority, delegate pwr by explaining which pwrs are granted and to whom, what, and how pwrs are to be used, prevent conc of pwr by providing checks and balances, and define lmts of pwr by forbidding intrusion of certain govtal activities into lives of individs (thru rights)
A
constitution
23
Q
principle of interpretation that views the Constitution’s meaning as fixed as of the time of enactment; as constitution reads, the laws stand; somewhat Repub view
A
originalism
24
Q
first written constitution of the US; created out of fear of central authority and extensive land claims by states; states remained sovereign and independent; Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces, and coin money; estbd weak and ineffective form of central govt
A
Articles of Confederation
25
1) Break w/ Mexico and creation of Republic : 1836 and Constit
2) Annexation (pulls down Republic flag and becomes US State): 1845
3) Secession (pull down US flag and go forward): 1861
4) Reconstruction to 1876 (N comes in, military occupies, you get weak and strong Reconstruction, redemption of secessionists, foundational TXC)
Four Stages of the Texas Founding
26
said to be the same type of stimulus to the Texas Revolution that the Stamp Act was to the American Revolution, was initiated by Mexican minister of foreign relations, and was designed to stop the flood of immigration from the United States to Texas
Law of 1830
27
served as the provisional government of Mexican Texas from November 1835 through March 1836 during the Texas Revolution; tensions rose in Texas during early 1835 as throughout Mexico federalists began to oppose the increasingly centralist policies of the government; was not completely representative of all of Texas; three issues dominated Consultation deliberations—the purpose of the war, the power and structure of government, and the virtues of different leaders; resulted in creation of provisional govt
The Consultation
28
TX annexed in 1845/became part of Union -> Mexico freaked out and was weak republic; US/TX knew it and US wanted a war; lasted 1846-1848; was a problematic war that many were against, but Mexican-American War was great because we got a lot of land
Mexican American War
29
formed bc influx of Amns into Mexico -> discontent amg TXns over place in Mxn federal sys -> conventions and draft of new constit, rebellion, and draft of grievances and TX DoI; wanted freedom of religion, sys of public edu, and trial by jury
The Texas Republic
30
occurred in 1845; new constitution drafted; occurred with provisions that __ cede to __ all military armaments/bases/facilties pertaining to public defense, __ retained right to all its vacant and unappropriated lands and its public debts, __ given permission to break up into four addl __ when pop proved adequate
annexation and statehood
31
occurred in 1861; domd by lawyers and slaveholders; proslavery membership -> TX Ordinance of ___ in 1861; condemned Afn amns; reconvened to enact new constit as TX entered ___
Secessionist Convention
32
occurred in 1866; included strong Unionist and secessionist factions; granted freedmen fundamental rights; TX had to reject right of secession, repudiate war debt of state, + accept abolition of slavery
Convention of 1866
33
occurred in 1868/69; most delegates repd wings in Repub party; never finished reworking 1866 Constit, but efforts published by military w/out submitting it to voters; delegates argued over RR charters, lawlessness, whether laws passed during war years were legal, 13th and 14th amendments, and more;
Convention of 1869
34
occurred in 1875/1876; Dem majority, but also included blacks; none from previous convention; called to prevent another govt like Davis's; produced doc that is still basis for TX today; delegates committed to 1) strong popular control of govt 2) lmting pwr of state govt 3) economy in govt 4) promoting agrarian interests
Convention of 1876
35
Constit of 1836 included this except for mineral rights and marriage property law; declares common property right were women and men shared property in marriage; but in TX, their property is separate unless the couple made legal moves to share it
English Common Law
36
In TX, all land was owned by govt, but throughout 1900s, the land became privatized; Let the ppl have the land and develop it; then tax it (state earns more money)
privatization of public land
37
you own land and state owns everything under it (MXn); TX did half and half of state owning under-land and ppl owning under-land; they gave oil rights to ppl/privatized it, then taxed it
mineral rights
38
ruled TX when it was a province along with state of Coahuila under Mexican Constitution; made TX the District of Bexar; defined a unicameral legis; guaranteed liberty, security, property, and equality; estbd Catholicism as state religion
Constitution of 1824 (1827)
39
ruled TX when it was a Republic after its revolution; adopted USC as working model (sep of pwrs, checks and balances, BoR); rejected Catholicism as state religion; defended slavery
Constitution of 1836
40
ruled TX when it first bcame US state; affirmed many of the institutional features of USC and previous TXC; difficult amendment process; TX retained ownership of all public lands and minerals under these lands
Constitution of 1845
41
ruled TX when it joined Confederacy/ seceded; affirmed broad features of previous TXC; radical defense of slavery as institution; conservative defense of existing white-dominated political and econic sys
Constitution of 1861
42
ruled TX under Presidential Reconstruction; affirmed broad institutional features of two previous TXCs; reflected values of former secessionists; accepted results of CW and an end to slavery; rejected equality before the law or franchise for former slaves
Constitution of 1866
43
ruled TX under Radical Reconstruction; never completed, put into effect without vtr approval; affirmed USC as "supreme law of land;" affirmed 13th amdnt and 14th amdnt; pwrs of govnr greatly expanded; salaries of state officials increased
Constitution of 1869
44
rules TX currently; amended 491 times; backs away from radical features of reconstruction including acceptance of dominance of natl govt over the state; reflects a break w/ activist constitutions of 2nd Reconstruction; promotes tradl agrarian interests like Grange; promotes value of "economy" and "efficiency;" pwrs of govnr and legis curtailed; provides for election of judges; provides for future regulation of RRs
Constitution of 1876
45
big part of early TX econic life, esp in east TX; domd by time of CW; impeded TX's admission into Union; sparked secession; not supported by Mexico -> rev; finally fully banned under 1869 TXC
slavery
46
those Southern states that seceded from US in late 1860+1861+ argued that pwr of states was more important than pwr of central govt; defended slavery and states' rights
Confederacy
47
a period following the CW war where southern states were leniently allowed back into the Union; not much changed and secessionists were involved in the Reconstruction process
Presidential Reconstruction
48
a period following CW where southern states were occupied by US military and forced to accept certain conditions in order to be fully accepted back into Union; enabled freedmen to be enfranchised
Congressional Reconstruction
49
in 1869, SCrt resolved debate over whether states can secede from Union; (re: sale of bonds + were actions of state of TX legal when they left the Union? -> since Union is perpetual, actions were illegal and void)
Texas v. White
50
a bloc of Repubs in USCongress who pushed thru adoption of black suffrage as well as an extended period of military occupation of South following CW
Radical Republicans
51
a militant farmers' mvmt of late 19th cent that fought for improved conditions for farmers; involved in crafting TXC of 1876
the Grange
52
according to James Madison, the conc of pwr in any one branch of govt; when a group or individ has total control
tyranny
53
1) governing doc of state govt 2) legitimize state political institutions by explaining source of authority 2) delegate pwr by explaining which pwrs are granted to whom and how pwrs are to be used 3) prevent conc of pwr by providing checks and balances 4) define lmts of pwr by forbidding govtal intrusions into lives of individs (rights)
functions of state constitutions
54
Art. VI of USC; states constit and laws passed by natl govt + all treaties are superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision
supremacy clause
55
Art. 1 Sec. 8 of USC; provides Congress w/ authority to make all laws "____" to carry out its powers; gives broad grant of discretionary pwr
necessary and proper clause
56
division of govtl pwr amg several institutions tht must cooperate in decision making
separation of powers
57
constitl idea that overlapping pwr is given to dif branches of govt to lmt conc of pwr in any one branch
checks and balances
58
a representative democracy, a sys of govt in which pwr os derived from the ppl; guaranteed in USC and TXC of 1876
republican govt
59
in TXC of 1876, very brief, discusses humility and God, TX is free and independent state sbjct to USC, depend upon preservation of right of local self-govt… side-swiped supremacy clause, reasserts local control, grant that Union is perpetual and you can’t secede, local govt is only guaranteed by state of TX, home rule by the state, fracking controversy/Denton…state will always trump local rules bc they are creation of state govt; virtually like USC in TXC of 1836; pwr to estb govt is a God-given thing in TXC 1845; major changes re: slavery (1861); sim to 1861 (1866); radical reconstruction, attacks south bc of civil war, declare USC is supreme law of land/TX agrees to this, changes are sbjct to national authority…imposing on south that CW was all about supremacy clause, freedmen to have rights (1869)
Preamble
60
right to repub govt; forbids monopolies that harm public interests; forbids entail and primogeniture; instances where bail can b denied; rights of crime victims; those that match USCBoR: equal rights to the free; religious freedom; sep of church and state; freedom of speech; re: seisures, bail, boattainder, epf, dbl jeopardy, trial by jury right to bear arms
examples of BoR
61
refers to right to vote; originally rather contracted in TX, eventually expanded to women, blacks, and other minorities; restrictions have been surpassed or added (voter id laws)
suffrage
62
under TXC, formal charge by TXHoR that leads to trial in TXS and possible removal of state official; no one convicted w/out concurrence of 2/3 membs present; govnr, lt govner, AG, commissioner of General Land Office, Comptroller and Judges of SCrt, Crt of Appeals, and Distirct Crt can be impeached (unlike in US where it applies all civil officers)
impeachment
63
voted on by voters; can pertain to anything and be very specific
constitutional amendments
64
1) 2/3 of both chambers vote to propose or 2/3 state legislatures can ask Congress to call a natl convention 2) either state legis approves by 3/4 or ratifying conventions where 3/4 states approve
amending the USC
65
1) legis proposes, must be approved by 2/3s vote, 2) published 2x in recognized newspapers 3) majority of state voters approve; the populous focus occurs vs elite focus
amending the TXC
66
very low; there4 decisions are made by very small, enthused portion of total population
turnout in constitutional amendment elections
67
grants all of a specific authority to the party mentioned;
provides for a separation of powers by giving each branch of government specific powers and authority restricted to that particular branch; these pwrs cannot be exercised by others
vesting power
68
exec branch in which pwr is fragmented bc election of statewide officeholders is independent of election of govnr; created in 1876 TXC
plural executive
69
significance of
1) TX DoI (1836)
2) Sam Houston's Address on Secession (1860) and Declaration of Causes (1861)
3) Ordinance of Secession Null (1866) and TX v. White et al (1869)
4) Governor Richard Coke's Second Inaugural Address (1876)
1) explains nature of govt; list grievances TXns hold against Mxn govt, and declares independence and esbtment of a new "free, sovereign, and independent republic;" based on USDoI and lays down republican principles that would define TX govt and politics from 1836 - 1845
2) captures minority pro-Union position in TX, SH argued leaving Union was dangerous action for South, doesn't reject slavery but holds that best way to defend TX and her interests is remaining w/in existing constitl structure; presents the pro-secession arg in TX, expresses fear that southern proslavery stats will become a minority in the Union, rejects northern abolitionist contention that there's a "higher law" operating above USC
3) declares act of secession in 1861 to be null and void, TX may have been in rebellion, but it never left the Union, there4 actions by Confederate state of TX were not legal; the bonds were not legally sold bc Union id "perpetual" and "indissoluble," once you join, you are forever part of it
4) illustrates that 1876 TXC was meant to be new constit, formed by ppl dissatisfied w/ pwr granted to govtl institution over last decade and seeking to lmt pwrs and reach of govt
70
major executive officeholders
1) Govnr: Greg Abbot
2) Lt Govner: Dan Patrick
3) AG Ken Paxton
4) Comptroller: Glenn Hegar
5) Com. of Gen. Land Office: George P. Bush
6) Com. of Agriculture: Sid Miller
7) Secty of State: Carlos H. Cascos
71
major legislative leaders
1) Speaker: Joe Straus
2) lt govnr: Dan Patrick
3) President Pro Tempore: Juan "Chuy" Hinojosa; ad interim: Kevin Eltife
72
regulates RRs and energy (oil); prorates oil and how much can be produced by ea. TX well; democratically elected regulatory agency; a plural commission w/pwr grounded not in executive but in own paragraph; elected statewide
Texas Railroad Commission
73
15 of them elected locally through single member districts (one person per geographic area)
State Board of Education
74
enumerates the powers of the US Congress and includes the necessary and proper clause
Art. I Section 8 of USC
75
key case in 1824 that expanded natl pwr; held that Congress had pwr to regulate interstate commerce
Gibbons v. Ogden
76
case in 2013 that challenged Congress’s decision to reauthorize the VRA of 1965; data for formula used from 1930s, 40s, and 50s, and states had changed a lot since then (re: voting rights); decided states’ rights were violated, so preclearance was lost as way to control states and voting
Shelby v. Holder
77
important legislation passed in order to ensure that Afn Amns would be guaranteed right to vote; renewed several times since passed; also prevents dilution of minority voting strength; applied to TX as result of Congressal amndments after 1975
Voting Rights Act of 1965
78
began in 1869; occurred with military force and involved Radical Republicans; could be ex of coercive federalism
Second Reconstruction
79
in US, federal and state govts both have ___; the federal govt and state govts have their own agendas and Amn federalism doesn't clearly define how to go about achieving them; we have struggled to define roles of state and natl govt for centuries… who should make these decisions re: prblms and pwrs
sovereignty problem
80
controversy that divided Amns in late 1820s and 1830s; first real prblm w/ federalism (1833), (SCarolina had issue with tariff)
nullification crisis
81
sys of govt in which pwr is divided btwn central govt and regional govts; central of intense political dispute since Amn Rev
federalism
82
sys of govt that prevailed in US from 1789-1937, in which most fundamental govtl pwrs were strictly separated btwn federal and state govts; a way of describing sys of ____ in which there's a division of responsibilities between state and natl govts
dual federalism / layer-cake federalism
83
way of describing federalism where boundaries btwn natl govt and state govt have bcome blurred; initially known as ___, a type of federalism existing since New Deal Era in which grants-in-aid have been used to encourage states and localities (w/out commanding them) to pursue natlly defined goals, aka intergovernmental cooperation
marble cake federalism / cooperative federalism
84
FDR's 1930s programs to stimulate the natl economy and provide relief to victims of the Great Depression
the New Deal
85
congressionally appropriated grants to states and localities on condition that expenditures by lmted to a problem or group specified by law
categorical grants
86
attempts by Nixon and Reagan to return pwr to states thru block grants
New Federalism
87
federal policies tht force states to change their policies to achieve natl goals
coercive federalism
88
1) made slavery unconstitutional
2) citizens are all persons born/naturalized in US; equal protection clause; due process of law
3) no state shall deny right to vote based on race
1) 13th Amndnt
2) 14th Amndnt
3) 15th Amndnt
89
state can't deprive of life, lib, or prop w/out procedural and substantive due process; used as door way to make BoR, on case by case basis, applicable to states
due process clause
90
any person w/in state's jurisdiction cannot be denied ____
equal protection clause
91
decision in 1964 that declared the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson violated the epc
Brown v. Board of Education
92
most rigorous ep standardl reqs govt show compelling state interest in order to successfully defend a law that makes certain classifications, such as racial classifications; classification must be one that's most narrowly tailored by least drastic means possible to achieve govt's objective
strict scrutiny
93
presumes that legal classification made by govt is constitl; all govt must show is some ___ justification for law (relatively easy to do)
rational basis test
94
primarily used for classifications in law based on sex; for law to be constitl govt must show imprnt govtl objectives and law must be sbstlly related to achievement of those objectives; also used for classifications made by law that aren't based on sex
intermediate standard of review
95
made possible by the 14th amdment; occurred on case by case basis; made them applicable to state govts in addition to federal govt
incorporation of the BoR
96
enabled rights in BoR that Crt believes are fundamental to be held to apply to the states as well as natl govt bc they are part of the "liberty" protected from state action in the 14th Amndnt
selective incorporation
97
landmark 2015 US SCrt decision in which the Court held in a 5–4 decision that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amndment
Obergefell v. Hodges
98
affirmed that, as constitutional history, precedent, and practice demonstrate, a state or locality may draw its legislative districts based on total population
Evenwel v. Abbott
99
Democratic Party Platform
supports
1) women's rights and right to privacy (abortion)
2) freedom (from restrictions on abortion and gay marriage)
3) minimum wage / regulation of economy by govt
100
Republican Party Platform
supports
1) protecting life from fertilization to natural death
2) the tradl family
3) repealing minimum wage / free-market economy
101
believe in preserving traditional beliefs, attitudes and philosophy, in the face of social progressivism; anti-abortion and anti-gay marriage; anti-abortion, tradl marriage/anti-gay marriage, tend to tie into Christian Right/Christian fundamentalism or Catholicism (not same but hold many sim values)
social conservatives
102
believe in a non-interventional / activist govt in the economy; anti-tariffs; aka econic conservatives, less regulation from Govt on economy/lmtd govt; low taxes; free market
free market conservatives
103
abortion rights, pro women, antiwar, pro-gay; believe advancement in science, technology, economic development, and social organization are vital to improve the human condition; generally far left
progressives
104
where two major parties fight for control
two-party system
105
one of most important devs in TX politics; seen among those who id w/ party, those who vote for party candids, and those who have been elected to office; invigorated by Reagan's 1980 election; caused party to have control of TXL by early 2000s
growth of the Republican Party
106
their pop is growing, but primarily young and/or undocumented; now make up about 40% of TX pop; could potentially change TX politics profoundly
growth of Hispanics in the state
107
different views of political parties
1) Can think of them as elected officials (professional politicians); affected deeply by party and are needed and good for politics
2) Activists (circle around elected officials), identify strongly w/ party like elected officials; affected deeply by party and are needed and good for politics
3) Ppl who simply identify w/party (circle around activists); party you id w/ explains how you will vote over long periods of time, even if you’re not active; Becomes key battle ground; It’s hard to switch party you identify w/
* Party is square around id
108
1) help candids win election
2) help voters in making electoral choices (lbl)
3) raise money for candids' campaigns
4) getting out the vote
5) organizing govt according to party loyalty
functions of party
109
degree to which Repubs have become more conserve and Dems more liberal; becoming more pronounced in TX
party polarization
110
when ppl who used to id with one party begin to id and vote for other party; not talking about leadership or party activists, but regular ppl shifting from one party to another; ppl really link in
realignment
111
moving away from both parties and becoming more independent; ppl no longer link in
dealignment
112
created after Obama's election; political mvmt that advocates lwr govt spending, lwr taxes, and lmtd govt; has grtr influence in TX bc of libertarian antitax message; hoping to become force w/in Repub Party
Tea Party
113
political mvmt aimed at lmting influence of Wall Street and big corporationsi in Amn policies; created following govt bailouts in 2008
Occupy movement
114
intro of individs into political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which political system is based
party / political socialization
115
permanent v. temporary party organization
temporary: voters in party primary -> precinct convention -> county/ district convention -> state convention
permanent: voters in party primary -> precinct chair -> county chair, county executive committee -> state chair, vice chair, and state exec committee
116
state orgs that come 2gh every four yrs at natl lvl; elected officials -> activists -> identifiers
party organization
117
most basic lvl of political organization at the local level
precinct
118
part of permanent party organization; party group, made up of party's county chair and precinct chairs, that responsible for running a county's primary elections and planning county conventions
county executive committee
119
committee responsible for governing a party's activities throughout the state; part of permanent party organization
state executive committee
120
part of temporary party organization; meeting held by party to select delegates for the county convention and to submit resolns to the party's state platform, are held on day of party's primary and are open to anyone who voted in that election
precinct convention
121
part of temporary party organization; mtg held by a political party following its precinct conventions, for the purpose of electing delegates to its state convention
county convention
122
party of temporary party organization; party mtg held every 2 yrs for purpose of nominating candids for statewide office, adopting a platform, electing party's leadership, and in presal election years selecting delegates for natl convention and choosing presal electors
state convention
123
difficult for them to gain access to ballot; in TX, have emerged at certain points in history, mainly bc of a particular issue (Grange and Populist, Dixiecrats/States' Rights, La Raza Unida, ~Libertarian)
third parties
124
electorate that's allowed to elect only one representative for each district
single-member district
125
multimember districts sys that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote; encourages third party voting bc base of votes equals base of seats
proportional representation
126
observation that in a single-member district sys of electing reps, a 2 party sys will emerge
Duverger's Law
127
conserve Dems who abandoned the natl Dem Party in the 1948 presal election, rallied behind Thurmond and not Truman; happened again in 1968 w/ Wallace and Humphrey (TX overall voted Dem/Humphrey)
Dixiecrats
128
mvmt led by TX govnr Shivers during 1950s in which conserve Dems in TX supported Repub candid Dwight Eisenhower for presidency bc many of those conserve Dems believed natl Dem Party bcome too liberal
Shivercrat movement
129
the wing of the Republican party that consists of Christian political factions that are characterized by their strong support of socially conservative policies
Religious Right
130
anti-abortion, tradl marriage/anti-gay marriage, tends to tie into Christian Right/Christian fundamentalism or Catholicism (not same but hold many sim values)
social conservatives
131
aka econic conservatives, less regulation from govt on economy/lmtd govt; low taxes
economic conservatives
132
ballot vote in which citizens select a party's nominee for general election; first election in electoral cycle; held on 2nd Tuesday on March of even-#d yrs, conducted by political party and funded jointly by party and state
primary
133
2nd primary election held btwn 2 candids who received most votes in 1st primary election if no candid in 1st primary received a majority
runoff primary
134
primary election in which any registered voters can participate in contest, re: less of party affiliation
open primary
135
primary election in which only registered members of particular party can vote
closed primary
136
voters cast ballots to select public officials; held 1st Tuesday following 1st Monday in Nov
general election
137
not held on regularly scheduled basis; in TX, is called to fill a vacancy in office, to give approval for state govt to borrow $, or to ratify amdnt to TXC
special elections
138
unusual for them to run in TX bc 1) substantial requirements for getting name on ballot 2) independent lacks political support of party org and advantage of party label
problem of independency
139
gave women the right to vote; ratified in 1919; TX one of first states to get behind it
19th Amendment
140
state-imposed tax on voters as a pre-requisite for voting, rendered unconstitutional by the 24th Amdnt (natl elections) and by SCrt in 1966 (state elections)
poll tax
141
requirement tht voters register long before general election; in effect in TX until 1971; required on yearly basis; eventually voided by federal courts
early registration
142
primary election in which only white voters are eligible to participate
white primary
143
SCrt decision in 1944 that outlawed the white primary; SCrt decided that operation of primary elections involved so much state action and so much public responsibility that the white primary was an unconstitl state action
Smith v. Allwright
144
important legislation passed in order to ensure that Afn Amns would be guaranteed right to vote; renewed several times since 1965; also prevents dilution of minority voting strength
Voting Rights Act of 1965
145
1) 18 yrs old
2) US Citizen
3) resident of TX for 30 days
4) resident of county for 30 days
voting qualifications
146
reqs individs to have one of 6 select documents of identification when voting; going to the SCrt; Repubs today in sthn states/TX want to impose voting restrictions on ppl who aren’t quite their party, Claimed a lot of voting fraud -> Many poor and old ppl don’t have license/photo id bc TX didn’t have to put in preclearance to put in voter id laws; Feds file against TX for disparity of disenfranchisement; Federalism shows conflict btwn state and fed govt and different prblms
may negatively impact voting turnout
TX voter ID law
147
must be registered voter 30 days before election and resident of voting precinct on day of election; felons who haven't completed their sentences and those judged by crt to be mentally incompetent can't vote regardless of qualifications
eligible voters
148
don't turn out at high levels; ppl who registered to vote
registered voters
149
includes anyone who 18+ (i.e.: non-citizens of voting age); counts ppl who old enough to vote but can’t or didn’t register
voting age population
150
of the 7% of the VAP, only have of those pick the winner; this is caused by 1) in TPCs, political and econic elites discourage voting 2) in IPCs, ppl choose not to vote bc of real or perceived corruption in govt 3) there are so many elections and candids that vtrs bcome overloaded 4) having elections in nonpresal years 5) elections w/ low-visibility candids 6) possibly voter ID law
low turnout
151
procedure that allows voters to cast ballots during 2-wk period before regularly scheduled election data; increases polling period from 12 hrs on 1 day to an addl two weeks; has only moderately increased participation
early voting
152
winner of this, in this era in TX, will be winner of statewide election
importance of Republican Party
153
process that takes place every ten yrs to det how many congressional seats each state will receive depending on population shifts
reapportionment
154
process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislatives representatives in TXH, TXS, and USHoR; usually happens every 10 yrs to reflect shifts in pop or in response to legal challenges in existing district
redistricting
155
provision under Sec. 5 of the VRA of 1965 requiring any changes to election procedures or district lines to be approved by the USDoJustice or the US district crt for DC; declared unconstitl in 2013 Shelby v. Holder
preclearance
156
efforts of candids to win support of vtrs; goal is to attain sufficient support to win primary election and general election; recently distinguishing feature gas been lack of emphasis on state issues; expensive, esp in TX, bc candids have major responsibility for ___ strategy, for running their ___, and for raising money; important issues: abortion, edu, healthcare, gun rights, voting rights
campaigns
157
1) members; can become influential bc of who, they rep and #s they have
2) raising $
3) infor about their membership and prblms that concern their membership
4) credibility (good infor)
resources of igs
158
1) explicit political (grassroots organizing, get-out-the-vote, electioneering campaigns, campaign financing)
2) legislative (lobbying, testifying before legislative committees)
3) public awareness(drafting policy reports writing editorials, conducting edul campaigns in public forums)
4) supporting litigation that challenges existing policies in crt
those adopted largely depend on resources available to them at time
strategies of interest groups
159
said: ppl have an interest in orging into ig that effectively reps their interests in politics but also have an interest in getting someone else to pay for it
Mancur Olson
160
to have a group is costly; ppl are better off when they join groups, but it’s costly to have groups works (benefits from orging action, but costly to pay for action); when you have a small group, it’s pretty easy, can naturally emerge bc its easier for three ppl to come 2gh and agree to share costs; but if another person decides not to join group bc they can avoid paying for it and still benefit from costs
problem of collective action
161
used to avoid free rider problem; must join group to receive them; not necessarily financial or something you need, but gets you to be part of the group and to show that off to others
selective and symbolic benefits
162
occurs bc it is easier for them to organize together; bsns interests are more likely to from a common front in politics than consumers bc it's easier for bsns interests to overcome costs of collective action (costs of acting 2gh as group)
bias towards to business
163
: issue advocacy, raising money, getting out the vote
PAC strategies
164
ig practice of combining contributions from several sources into 1 larger contrin from group in order to increase group's impact on candid
bundling
165
individs employed by ig to try to influence govtl decisions on behalf of that group
lobbyists
166
the first step for lobbyists to communicate goals of their igs; often achieved by their spending money to entertain policy makers; sometimes achieved from long-standing personal ties to policy makers; can also be gained by building support for an issue among their constituents (mobilizing interested voters to get involved in political process on behalf of group's goals
access
167
major contributors by group (to TXL candids by IGs)
1) finance, insurance, real estate
2) lawyers and lobbyists
3) general bsns
4) energy and natural resources
168
independent spending by individs or interest groups on a campaign issue but not directly tied to a particular candid; can support the candid but is independent of candid's control; strategy employed by PACs
issue advocacy
169
a private group that raises $ and distributes funds for use in election campaigns
PAC
170
govt agency serves interests/objectives of interests agency is supposed to regulate; may have occurred w/ TXRRCommission
theory of capture
171
political $ where donors of $ don't have to be disclosed; enabled by Citizens United v. Federal Election Committee
dark money
