Test 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
elements
A
substances that can’t be broken down into
simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
2
Q
oxygen
A
required for cellular respiration
present in most organic compounds
in water
3
Q
carbon
A
forms backbone of organic molecules
each carbon can have four bonds with other atoms
4
Q
hydrogen
A
present in most organic compounds
element of water
hydrogen ion H+ is involved in most energy transfers
5
Q
nitrogen
A
component of proteins and nucleic acids
component of chlorophyll
6
Q
phosphorus
A
component of nucleic acids and phospholipids in membranes
important in energy transfer reactions
structural component of bones
7
Q
sulfur
A
component of most proteins
8
Q
make up more than 96% of the mass of most organisms
A
O, C, H, N
9
Q
atom
A
smallest unit of an element that retains that
element’s chemical properties; made up of
subatomic particles
10
Q
atomic number
A
number of protons
determines atom identity
11
Q
atomic mass
A
total number of protons and neutrons
12
Q
isotopes
A
atoms of the same element with the same protons but
different numbers of neutrons
13
Q
radioisotope
A
unstable isotope emits radiation as it decays
14
Q
valence electrons
A
in valence shell
most energetic
participate in chemical reactions
number of valence electrons determines chemical behavior
15
Q
full valence shells are ______
A
unreactive
16
Q
valence shells not full______
A
gain, lose, or share electrons
17
Q
compound
A
atoms of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
18
Q
molecule
A
2 or more atoms joined stably
19
Q
molecular formula
A
actual numbers of each atom per molecule
20
Q
molecular mass
A
sum of atomic masses of component atoms of a molecule
21
Q
1 mol
A
6.02 x 10^23 molecules
22
Q
1 molar solution
A
1 mol of a substance dissolved in 1 L of water
23
Q
bond energy
A
energy necessary to break a chemical bond
24
Q
covalent
A
share electrons between atoms to fill their valence shells
25
non-polar
bonded atoms have similar electronegativities (electrons shared equally)
26
polar
electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus of the atom with greater electron affinity
27
polar molecule
has a partial positive charge at one end and partial negative charge at the other
28
cation
atoms that lose electrons to other atoms and become positively charged
29
anion
atoms that gain electrons from other atoms and become negatively charged
30
ionic bond
formed by attraction between the charges of a cation and anion
31
ionic compound
anions and cations bonded by opposite charges; strong in the absence of water
32
solvent
e.g. water (polar, easily dissolves polar or ionic substances)
33
solute
substance dissolved in the solvent
34
hydrogen bonds
relatively weak
| form between atom of partial negative charge and hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen
35
redox reactions
involved in many energy conversion reactions
| • electrons (and their energy) are transferred from one substance to another
36
oxidation
an atom, ion, or molecule loses one or more electrons
37
reduction
an atom, ion, or molecule gains one or more electrons
38
properties of water
```
polar
hydrogen bonds
cohesion
adhesion
capillary action
surface tension
```
39
cohesion
tendency of water molecules to stick to one another
40
adhesion
ability of water to stick to other substances
41
capillary action
tendency of water to move in narrow tubes against gravity (due to cohesion and adhesion)
42
surface tension
molecules at water’s surface crowd together and produce a strong layer (due to cohesion)
43
hydrophilic
“water-loving” substances interact easily with water (polar and ionic compounds)
44
hydrophobic
“water-fearing” substances are not soluble in water (non-polar molecules)
45
hydrophobic interactions
occur between
groups of non-polar molecules, which cluster in
water
46
what happens in pure water?
some molecule dissociate into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
47
when the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are equal
neutral solution
48
acid
substance dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions and an anion; proton donor
49
base
substance dissociates in solution to yield a hydroxide ion and a cation; proton acceptor
50
PH
expresses a solution's acidity
51
neutral solution
equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
| PH 7
52
acidic solution
hydrogen ion concentration is higher than hydroxide
| Ph < 7
53
basic solution
hydrogen ion concentration is lower than hydroxide ion concentration
Ph >7
54
Ph of most animal and plant cells
7.2-7.4
55
buffer
substance resists changes in pH when a weak acid
| or base is added
56
hydrogen ion donors
acids
57
hydrogen ion acceptors
bases
58
hydrocarbons
lack distinct charged regions; insoluble in water and cluster together
59
replacing 1 hydrogen with one or more _______ changes the characteristics of the organic compound
functional groups
60
polymers
produced by linking small organic compounds (monomers)
61
hydrolysis
polymers degraded into monomers
62
condensation rxn
equivalent of water is removed during reactions that combine monomers
63
carbohydrates
contain C, O, and H
sugars and starches
cellulose (plant structural component)
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
64
polysaccharides
starch
used for energy source in plants
glucose subunits
65
cellulose
polysaccharide
insoluble
structural component of plants
glucose subunits
66
chitin
polysaccharide
| structural component of arthropod exoskeletons
67
lipids
soluble in non-polar solvents; insoluble in water
mainly C and H and O containing functional groups
fats, phospholipids, carotenoids, steroids, waxes
used for energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, important hormones
68
triacylglycerol
reserve fuel storage
| glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids
69
saturated fatty acid
contain max number of H atoms
| in animal fat and solid vegetable shortening
70
unsaturated fatty acid
1 or more pairs of C atoms joined by a double bond
| liquid at room temp
71
steroids
Carbon atoms arranged in 4 attached rings
| e.g. cholesterol, cortisol, reproductive hormones, etc.
72
proteins
macromolecules of amino acids
| most enzymes are proteins (molecules that accelerate reaction)
73
amino acids
subunits of proteins
74
primary structure of polypeptides
sequence of amino acids
75
secondary structure
alpha helices and beta sheets formed by H bonds
76
tertiary structure
overall 3D shape involving interactions among R groups of polypeptide
77
quaternary structure
3D structure from 2+ polypeptide chains interacting to form biologically active molecule
78
nucleic acids
transmit hereditary information and
| determine what proteins a cell manufactures
79
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
contains hereditary material and
| instructions for making RNA and protein
80
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
used to make proteins; ribozymes are biological catalysts
81
nucleotides
5C sugar, 1 (or more) phosphate groups, nitrogenous base
82
major themes of biology
1 .biological systems interact and are interdependent
2. structure and function are inter-related
3. info transmitted within and among organisms
4. life depends on continuous input of energy
5. evolution is the process by which populations change over time
83
example of biological systems interacting
mating
eating
ecosystems
nervous system
84
example of structure and function being inter-related
blood cells concave=carrying oxygen
| muscle striations and contractions
85
example of info being transmitted within and among organisms
male and female creating zygote
| bacteria bridge transferring info
86
characteristics of life
- composed of cells
- grow and develop
- regulate metabolic processes
- respond to stimuli
- reproduce
- evolve and adapt to environment
87
are viruses cells?
no, they need a host
88
reductionism
learning about a structure by studying its parts
89
emergent properties
characteristics not apparent at lower levels
90
producers (autotrophs)
produce their own food from simple, raw materials (photosynthesis)
91
consumers
(heterotrophs) obtain energy by breaking down food molecules produced in photosynthesis (cellular respiration)
92
primary consumers
eat producers
93
secondary consumers
eat primary consumers
94
process of science
1. reasoning
2. hypothesis
3 experiment
4. theory
5. representation of data
95
deductive reasoning
get supplied info and draw conclusions based on info
96
inductive reasoning
begins with observations and draw conclusions based on observations
97
a good hypothesis is....
- reasonably consistent with well-established facts
- capable of being tested (repeatable and independently verified)
- falsifiable
98
scientific theory
explanation of natural world based on a number of hypotheses each supported by consistent results from observations/experiments
99
paradigm
a set of assumptions/concepts that constitutes a way of thinking about reality
100
paradigm shift
change in view of reality that accommodates new knowledge
101
what will happen if Ph is wrong?
cells will denature
102
2 types of passive transport
simple diffusion
| facilitated diffusion
103
simple diffusion
- high concentration to lower, even distribution
- diffusing down through membrane
- requires no energy
- nonpolar
104
facilitated diffusion
- high to low concentration
- something has to help molecule cross membrane
- polar
- specific for each molecule
105
leak channel
- type of facilitated diffusion
- specific for ions and molecules
- based on concentration of ions
- always open
106
gated channel
- facilitated diffusion
- needs something to open it
- voltage-gated=charge difference
- ligand-gated=ligands bind receptors to open
107
active transport
- requires energy (ATP)
- pumping things against their concentration gradient
- UP concentration gradient. both molecules in opposite directions
108
symporter
channel pumping in same direction
109
uniporter
one thing being transported
110
endocytosis
brings things INTO cell
111
phagocytosis
cellular eating.
| bringing large substances and breaking them down
112
pinocytosis
cellular drinking
| bringing in dissolved substances
113
receptor-mediated or R-mediated
clathrin (on sides of cell) forms endosome from bound receptors and brings it in
114
exocytosis
bringing things OUT
115
tight junctions
nothing can pass through cells
116
desmosomes
little snaps between membranes
117
gap junctions
uniformity and ability to communicate
| cardiac muscle
