Test 3 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Linnaeus classification system
A
GENUS *specific epithet (in italics)
both make up the species
2
Q
taxonomy
A
naming of species
3
Q
systematics
A
organization
4
Q
Phylogenetic tree expresses _______
A
relatedness
5
Q
nodes on tree=
A
common ancestor
6
Q
what type of gene transfer do bacteria have
A
horizontal
7
Q
homologous
A
feature came from a common ancestor with the same feature
8
Q
homoplastic
A
similar to one another but not from a common ancestor
9
Q
birds vs. butterflies
A
homoplastic
10
Q
bat and bird wings
A
homoplastic
11
Q
convergent evolution
A
2 different species evolve in same conditions and the pressures of the environment cause them to develop similar traits
12
Q
how did homoplastic traits come about?
A
convergent evolution
13
Q
plesiomorphies
A
ancestral character; features present in ancestral species and remain present in ALL groups descended
14
Q
synapormorphies
A
derived character; novel traits evolved when 2 populations become separated and evolve independently.
originate in recent common ancestor and present in all descendants
15
Q
homologous macromolecules
A
subunit sequence (and functionally) similar in two different types of organisms
16
Q
monophyletic group
A
common ancestor and all its descendants
shared derived characters
sister taxa share most recent common ancestor
17
Q
paraphyletic group
A
common ancestor and some but not all descendants
shares ancestral character
18
Q
polyphyletic group
A
evolutionary lines that do not share same recent common ancestor
unnatural grouping misrepresents evolutionary relationships
19
Q
outgroup
A
taxon that branched off earlier than other taxa (ingroup).
closest relative of group being studied.
20
Q
choanoflagelletes
A
one cells
most closely related to animals/multicellular organisms
21
Q
8 characteristics of animals
A
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophs (get energy from consuming others)
- specialized body cells
- diverse body plans
- capable of locomotion at some time during their life cycle
- most have a nervous system and muscle systems that enable them to respond rapidly to environment
- most are diploid and reproduce sexually with large immobile eggs and small, flagellate sperm
- go through a period of embryonic development
22
Q
radial symmetry
A
general form of wheel and similar structures regularly arranged as spokes from a central axis
23
Q
biradial symmetry
A
parts of body have become specialized so that 2 planes can divide the body into similar halves
24
Q
bilateral symmetry
A
divided through only one plane (which passes through midline of the body) to produce roughly equivalent right and left halves that are mirror images
25
dorsal
back
26
asymmetrical animals
sponges
fiddler crab
flounder
27
ventral
front
28
anterior
towards head (cephalic)
29
posterior
towards tail (caudal)
30
medial
towards midline
31
lateral
away from midline
32
inferior
below
33
superior
above
34
sections of body
- frontal (coronal)
- transverse (cross section)
- sagital (down middle)
- obligue (diagonal)
35
cleavage
early in development with fertilization of egg
division of cells without increasing mass ratio
ends with formation of blastula
36
spiral cleavage
dividing around axis in spiral form
| protostomes
37
radial cleavage
cells stacked with upper cells centered above lower
| deuterostomes
38
determinate cleavage
cells fate is determined early on
protostomes
each cell produced cannot develop into complete embryo
39
indeterminate cleavage
cells' fate not determined yet and can become anything
| original cell divides and 2 resulting cells can be separated and independently form a whole organism
40
germ layers
1. endoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. ectoderm
41
acoelomates
no body cavity
| flatworms and ribbon worms
42
true coelomates
body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
43
pseudocoelomates
```
body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm
invertebrates
lacks vascular blood system
lacks skeleton
no segmentation
body wall
microscopic
parasites and free-living
```
44
protostomes vs. deuterostomes
Protostomes: 1. spiral cleavage 2. determinate 3. blastopore develops into mouth 4. schizocoel-coelom develops from 2 independent regions of mesoderm
Deuterostomes: 1. radial cleavage 2. Indeterminate 3. blastopore becomes the anus 4. enterocoel-coelom develops from pouch off a common region of mesoderm
45
types of acoelomates
cnidarians
ctenophores
platyhelminthes
nemertea
46
coelomate types
```
nemertea
annelida
tardigrada
arthopoda
mollusca
brachiopoda
echinodermata
hemichordata
chordata
```
47
2 clades of protostomes
1. lophotrochozoa- flatworms, ribbon worms, mollusks, annelids, and lophophorate phyla. Lophophore=ciliated ring of tentacles around mouth that is a feeding organ
2. ecdysozoa- molting (ecdysis); nematodes and antrhopods
48
segmentation
parts of body plan that are repeated
found within each of 3 major clades of bilateral animals
allows specialization of body parts
49
phylum porifera's 3 different body plans
sponges
1. asconoid- simple tube covered in pores. spongocoel and osculum opening
2. syconoid- larger, thicker wall (longer pores) and osculum
3. leuconoid- most complex, more tissue with canals leads to chambers lined with flagella to help move water along
50
3 classes in porifera
1. calcarea- spicules made of calcium carbonate
2. hexactinellida- glass sponges, spicules form 6 rays intersecting at right angles. cylinder of funnel shape, inhabit deep water
3. demospongia- silicate spicules or spongin fibers
51
cnidocytes
stinging cells
52
phylum cnidaria
-contains cnidocytes
-sensory and contractile cells form a nerve net
radial symmetry
-2 body shapes- polyp & medusa
-namatocysts do stinging
-gastrovascular cavity with one opening
-diploblastic
-hydrostatic skeleton
53
4 classes in cnidaria
1. hydrozoa: hydras, hydroids, portugese man-of-war
2. scyphozoa- jellyfish
3. cubozoa- box jellyfish
4. anthozoa- sea anenomes
54
phylum platyhelminthes
```
flatworms
classes:
1. turbellaria- planarians
2. trematoda & monogenea- flukes
3. cestoda- tapeworms
```
55
phylum nemertea
ribbon worms
56
classes of phylum mollusca
1. polyplacophora
2. gastropoda- snails
3. bivalvia- 2 part shell
4. cephalopoda- squids, octopus, and nautilus
57
phylum annelida
```
segmented worms
classes:
1. polychaeta- sandworms, tubeworms
2. oligochaeta- earthworms
3. hirudinida- leeches
```
58
3 classes of nematodeas
1. ascaris
2. hookworms
3. pinworms
4. trichina worm
59
ascaris
common intestinal parasites spends adult life in human intestine where it ingests partially digested food
60
hookworms
attach to lining of intestine and suck blood, causing tissue damage and blood loss
61
pinworms
commonly found in children, tiny pinworm eggs ingested by eating with contaminated hands
62
trichina worms
lives in variety of animals; humans become infected by eating undercooked, infected meat
63
phylum tardigrada clade panarthropoda
water bears
64
phylum arthopoda important adaptations
segmentation
hard exoskeleton
paired, joined appendages
variety of effective sense organs
65
5 subphyla of arthropoda
1. trilobites
2. myriapoda
3. chelicerata
4. crustacea
5. hexapoda
66
trilobites
phylum arthropoda
gigantic rolly polly
one of the earliest arthopods
67
myriapoda subphylum
1. chilopoda
| 2. diplopoda
68
chilopoda
```
centipedes
flat body
carnivorous
terrestrial
1 pair of legs/ segment
```
69
diplopoda
millipedes
round body
herbivorous
2 pairs of legs/segment
70
subphylum chelicerata
classes: merostoma
| arachnida
71
subphylum hexapoda
class: insecta
72
orders of hexapoda
1. orthoptera (20,000) grasshoppers, crickets
2. blattodea (4000) cockroaches
3. lepidoptera (160,000) moths, butterflies
4. diptera (150,000) houseflies, mosquitos, fruitflies
5. siphonaptera (2000) fleas
6. coleoptera (360,000) beetles, weevils
7. hymenoptera (1900000) ants, bees, wasps
73
phylum echinodermata classes
- asteroidea (starfish)
- ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
- echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
- holothuroidea (sea cucumber)
74
3 subphyla of chodates
1. urochordates (tunicates)
2. cephalochordates (marine lancets)
3. vertebrates (animals with backbones)
75
character of chordates
- notochord
- hollow dorsal, tubular nerve cord
- chordate larva/embryo has muscular postanal tail
- endostyle or thyroid gland evolved from endostyle
- pharyngeal gill slits during life cycle
76
urochordates
- sea squirts and relatives
- sister taxa of vertebrates
- larva have chordate characteristics
- larva swims and attaches to surfaces
- tunic-protective covering of adult
- filter feeders
- large colonies
77
cephalochordata (lancets)
fish shaped, translucent, in shallow seas
no paired fins, jaws, sense organs, heart, well defined head or brain
filter feeders
protonephridia segmentally arranged
78
vertebrates
- vertebral column
- cranium
- endoskeleton
- neural crest cells
- pronounced cephalization
- muscle attached to endoskeleton
- paired appendages
- physical specialization
- increased genetic complexity
- closed circulatory system
- complete digestive tract
- endocrine glands
- separate sexes
- muscles used for digestion
79
vertebrate fish classes
1. myxini
2. petromyzontida
3. chondrichthyes
4. actinopterygii
5. actinistia
6. dipnoi
80
myxini
hagfish
| no jaws/paired fins
81
petromyzontida
lampreys
| no jaws/paired fins
82
chndrichthyes
sharks, rays, skates
83
actinopterygii
ray-finned fishes
84
actinistia
coelocanth
85
dipnoi
lungfish
86
3 orders of amphibians
1. caudata (salamanders)
2. anura (frogs and toads)
3. gymnophiona (serpentine amphibians)
87
amphibian characteristics
```
most return to water to reproduce
metamorphosis
paedomorphosis
skin acts as respiratory surface
heart=2 atria and 1 ventricle
```
88
5 clades of reptiles
1. testudines (turtles, terrapins, tortoises)
2. squamata (lizards, snakes)
3. sphenodonta (tuataras)
4. crocodilia (crocodiles, alligator, caimans, gavials)
5. lcthyosauria (extinct)
89
common ancestor of mammalia
terapsids
90
3 subclasses of mammalia
1. protheria
2. metatheria
3. eutheria
91
urus maritimus
polar bears
| largest land carnivores
92
insectivora
moles, hedgehogs, shrews
| nocturnal, eat insects
93
chiroptera
bats
| adapted for flying, biological sonar guide
94
carnivora
cats, dogs, bears...
| sharp, pointed canine teeth, keen sense of smell, complex social groups
95
artiodactyla
cattle, sheep, pigs, deer, giraffe
| hoofed, antlers, herbivores
96
xenarthra
sloths, anteaters, armadillos
| teeth reduced
97
rodentia
squirrels, beavers, rats, mice
| gnawing, teeth grow
98
perissodactyla
horses, zebras, tapirs, rhinos
| herbivores, hoofed, large with long legs
99
lagomorpha
rabbits, hares, pikas
| chisel-like incisors, long hind legs for jumping
100
primates
lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans
| highly developed brain and eyes, opposable thumb, omnivores
101
proboscidea
elephants
| largest land animals, thick loose skin, trunk
102
sirenia
sea cows, manatees
| herbivorous, aquatic animals
103
cetacea
whales, dolphins
| aquatic, thick layer of blubber, very intelligent
104
testudines
reptilia
| turtles, terrapins, tortoises
105
squamata
reptilia
| lizards, snakes
106
sphenodonta
reptilia
| tuatras
107
crocodilia
reptilia
| crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials
108
icthyosauria
extinct lcnthyosaur
109
protheria
```
mammalia subclass
egg laying
```
110
metatheria
```
mammalia subclass
pouched
```
111
eutheria
```
mammalia subclass
live birth
```
112
orthoptera
grasshoppers and crickets
| heaxapoda
113
blattodea
cockroaches
| hexapoda
114
lepidoptera
moths, butterflies
| hexapoda
115
diptera
houseflies, mosquitoes, fruitflies
| hexapoda
116
siphonaptera
fleas
| hexapoda
117
coleoptera
beetles and weevils
| hexapoda
118
hymenoptera
ants, bees, wasps
| hexapoda
