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Psychology 332 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What happened to the age of adolescence?

A

Adolescence used to be 14-24 but is not 10-18 because we started leaving home sooner and didnt have to stay home for farming and domestic service (life cycle service)

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2
Q

What are the major characteristics of adolescence?

A

Early adolescence (11-14)
Neural pruning accelerates
Beginning of puberty and growth spurt
Moving into Formal Operation Thinking
Focus on peer relationships
Reward centers light up more so when they’re with friends
Beginning Interest in romantic relationships
Emerging Adolescence (14-18)
Neural pruning continues
Expansion of abstract and advanced reasoning
Completion of puberty and growth spurt
Development of limbic system complete serious romantic relationships

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3
Q

what founded adolescence?

A

Stanley Hall

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4
Q

When does adulthood begin?

A

depends on culture but western is 18-25

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5
Q

What are the major characteristics of early adulthood?

A

Beginning college/trade school/full-time work
Completion of neurological development
Post-Formal operational thinking completed
Seeking intimacy
Search for identity continues
Making career, relationship, and life decisions
Establishing autonomy
Age of instability

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6
Q

Cultural variations on the transition to adulthood

A 
cross-cultural 
accepting responsibility for oneself
making independent decisions 
becoming financially independent 
Other cultures use different markers
Israel: Completing military service
Argentina: Being able to support a family (your own) financially
China: Being able to support your parents financially
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7
Q

What are the crises from ericksons psychosocial theory

A

adolescence- identity vs role confusion

adulthood- intimacy vs isolation

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8
Q

What are Bronfenbrenner’s contextual levels?

A

Macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, microsystem, chronosystem

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9
Q

Steps in the scientific method

A
  1. identify a question
  2. form a hypothesis
  3. choose a research method
  4. collect data
  5. draw conclusion
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10
Q

ethics in human reseach

A

dont hurt physically or psychologically
informed consent
confidentiality
deception and debreif

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11
Q

ways of collecting information

A

observation, interview, biological measurements

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12
Q

types of research designs

A

cross sectional (most common, quick and cheap), longitudinal, natural experiments, experimental, case studies, ethnographic

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13
Q

what are genes and what do they do?

A

biochemical units that make up chromosomes
synthesis DNA
19,000

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14
Q

methods for examining genetic influence

A

twin studies, adoption studies, selective breeding, within species

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15
Q

evidence of hereditary and environmental influence

A

Activity level
Task persistence (attention, decision time) assessed
Emotion (mood, anxiety, anger, empathy)
niche picking - gravitating towards environments that are more consistent with your personality
Sociability (friendliness, affection, aggression, less so, more environmental)
Psychological adjustments (fears, some phobias, reactions to stress)
Leisure activities (risk taking, TV Viewing)

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16
Q

myths of genetic influences

A

genes do not directly influence development and psychological processes and domains
no single gene is responsible for a single influence, process, trait, or behavior, but can influence certain diseases
genetic influences are not “locked on” at full strength at the moment of conception
there is no evidence that environmental influences increase and hereditary influences decrease, genes and the environment interact through out the entire lifespan
genetic influence does not necessarily imply a very strong influence

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17
Q

Define the environment and different types of environment

A

environment- all non-genetic factors that can influence development
proximal- cell environment, organism, nutritional/medical care
distal- SES. family and peer relationships, economic, political and cultural contexts
types of environmental influences- transitory and sable, living (people, organism, viruses), and non-living (chemical, radiation)

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18
Q

different types of gene and environment interactions

A

scarrs model of gene environment interactions(everything is bidirectional)

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19
Q

what are passive, evocative, and active genotypes?

A

passive-parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on children’s development.
evocative- a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment.
active- when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics.

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20
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

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21
Q

how do epigenetics influence genes?

A

Epigenome provides instructions and regulates the functional aspects of all the genes

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22
Q

how do environmental experiences influence genes?

A

Epigenetic tags are unique to the individual. Identical twins begin with the same code and same tags, but over the years, the tags vary with their environmental experiences and in time the genetic makeup of the twins become less and less identical (licking the rats)

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23
Q

what is methylation vs demethylation?

A

Methylation (attachment of molecules) tends to turn genes off/keeps them from firing; demethylation (releasing of molecules) turns to allow genes to turn on

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24
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

collection of glands that produce hormones

25
biological triggers of puberty
hormonal changes of puberty begin in the hypothalamus stimulates and regulates the production of hormones and other glands to initiate puberty, increases production of GnRH occurs when body reaches threshold level of body fat
26
Glands and hormones
pituitary gland- secretes hormones thyroid gland- affects metabolism adrenal glands- fight or flight
27
feedback loop
set point- when hormones reach an optimal and the hypothalamus reduces GnRH to begin this process DNA tells hypothalamus to reduce GnRH at the end of puberty (if not, you would grow forever)
28
Sequence of boys puberty
``` testies- 9.5- 13.5 pubic hair- 10-15 growth spurt- 10.5- 16 penis growth- 10.5-14.5 voice lowers- 11-15 spermarche- 12-14 facial hair, oils, acne- 12-17 ```
29
sequence of girls puberty
``` pubic hairs- 8- 14 breast- 8- 13 growth spurt- 9.5- 14.5 menarche- 10-16.5 underarm hair, oils acne- 10- 16 ```
30
what is the secular trend and what is responsible for it?
secular trend- steady decrease in the average age of menarche on western countries (12.5) illness and thinness inhibit development of body fat advances in food production= enhanced nutrition= earlier puberty
31
what are secondary and primary sex characteristics?
primary- vagina and penis | secondary- breast, testes
32
what are the sequences and changes of a growth spurt?
sudden, uneven, and rather unpredictable jump in the size of almost every body part first fingers and feet, then legs and arms, then torso (as internal organs grow) eyes change- may cause nearsightedness
33
gender differences in growth spurts
boys and girls are similar before. girls (10-14) gain more fat. boys (12-16) gain more muscle
34
cultural responses to puberty
most cultures have ritual initiation into adolescence samoa- tattoo body of boys and girls slap girls in face to warn her of difficulties to come orthodox women had a ritual bath called mikveh boys often involve physical pain and violence
35
social responses to puberty
parent- adolescent relationships- conflicts increase and closeness decrease mothers and adolescents touch less but communicate more biologically based incest taboo- becomes more active
36
psychological responses to puberty
girls perceive menarche positively (feel more grown up)
37
risks and benefits of early or late maturation for girls
early maturation- can be negative at risk for depression, negative body image, substance abuse, conflict with parents, eating disorders late maturation- fewer problems at risk for teasing, body image by late teens, have better body image and leaner body
38
risks and benefits of early or late maturation for boys
early maturation- positive have more favorable body image, higher popularity, better at physical activities later maturation- negative greater risk for alcohol/drug abuse, lower grades, delinquency, deviant behavior
39
what physiological processes have been completed by early adulthood
physical growth and cns is completed by mid 20s myelination of frontal cortex complete frontal cortex fully developed links between frontal cortex and limbic system complete
40
what physical development are at peak performance
``` peak bone mass in 20s maximum oxygen uptake cardiac output reaction time endurance and strength immune system sexual reproduction systems are optimal ```
41
what factors can influence physical performance in early adulthood?
nutrition, sleep, stress, exercise
42
what is the risk level for disease and illness at this time?
low risk
43
what is senescence
``` aging begins (ages 28-29) triggered by genetics ```
44
what specific physiological processes begin senescence in early adulthood?
``` skin becomes thinner (wrinkles, discoloration, sagging) hair begins to gray (30) kidneys become less efficient lung deficiency farsightedness homeostasis slower organ reserve declines (physical exercise declines) fertility declines decrease in sexual functioning ```
45
what are some health problems that arise in emerging adulthood
highest rate of various types of disease, injury and death | poor nutrition, lack of sleep, high stress
46
where do cultural beliefs fit within Bronfenbrenner's model
macrosystem
47
define cultural beliefs
rooted in symbolic inheritance, beliefs, ideas and understanding about persons society etc (norms and moral standards that arise from these beliefs, ideas and understandings) expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals Adolescents become increasingly aware of their cultural beliefs and roles and what is expected of them
48
define socialization
process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of their cultures self regulation- ability to comply with social norms role preperation- for roles in work, gender and institutions such as marriage and parenthood cultivation of sources of meaning- whats important, what has value
49
individualism vs collectivism
individualism- independence, self expression, broad socialization methods, western collectivism- obedience, conformity, narrow socialization methods, eastern
50
what are the sources of socialization?
influence of friends, media, school etc increases through out adulthood and adolescence. family influence decreases
51
formal vs informal socialization
formal- schools, religious institutions | informal- parenting, peers
52
define custom complex
typical practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice (ex: dating in america)
53
complexities of cultural beliefs in multicultural societies
family, community, culture
54
what is the role of religious beliefs in cultural beliefs
Virtually all cultures have religious beliefs Content of religious beliefs is often diverse Typically contain prescriptions for socialization roles, self-regulation, sources of meaning
55
What is the relation of moral with cultural beliefs?
According to Jensen, the ultimate basis of morality is a person's worldview Set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed Moral reasoning - explanations for why a behavior is right or wrong Moral evaluations - judgements as to whether a behavior is right or wrong Combination of both = moral behavior
56
what is Ethic of Autonomy
individual as the primary moral authority. Individuals to do what they wish as long as their behavior does no direct harm to others (emerging adults rely on this alot)
57
what is Ethic of Community
individuals as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obligations. The responsibilities of roles in the community, family are the basis of one's moral judgements
58
what is Ethic of Divinity
Individual as a spiritual entity, subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority. Moral views based on traditional religious authorities and religious texts (bible, Koran)
59
What is the relation of political beliefs with cultural beliefs?
Tend to be skeptical of politicians Low involvement compared to rest of the world and previous generations Emerging adults are more likely than older adults to be involved in organizations devoted to particular issues Environmental protection Efforts against war Racism Often frustrated and alienated from conventional politics, emerging adults often direct their energy toward specific areas of importance to them where they believe they are more likely to see genuine progress

Psychology 332 (1 decks)

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