Flashcards in Test #1 Deck (60)
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1
Statistics
- the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information from data
- both a science of uncertainty and the technology of extracting information from data
2
Individuals
the people or objects included in the study
3
Variable
a characteristic of the individual to be measured or observed
4
Quantitative Variable
has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense
5
Qualitative Variable
describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or group, such as male or female
6
Population data
the data from every individual of interest
7
Sample data
the data from some individuals or interest
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Population Parameter
a numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population
9
Sample Statistic
a numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample
10
Nominal level of measurement
- applies to data that consist of names, labels or categories
- no implied criteria by which the data can be ordered from smallest to largest
11
Ordinal level of measurement
- applies to data that can be arranged in order
- differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless=
12
Interval level of measurement
- applies to data that can be arranged in order
- differences between values are meaningful
13
Ratio level of measurement
- applies to data that can be arranged in order
- both differences between data values and ratios of data values are meaningful
- the data has a true zero
14
Descriptive statistics
involves methods of organizing, picturing and summarizing information from samples or populations
15
Inferential statistics
involves methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population
16
Simple random sample
a subset of the population selected in such a manner that every sample size of n from the population has an equal chance of being selected
17
Four levels of measurement
1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
3) Interval
4) Ratio
18
Steps to draw a random sample
1) Number all members of the population sequentially
2) Use a table, calculator, or computer to select random numbers from the numbers assigned to the population members
3) Create the sample by using members with numbers corresponding to those randomly selected
19
Sampling Techniques
1) Random Sampling
2) Stratified Sampling
3) Systematic Sampling
4) Cluster Sampling
5) Multistage Sampling
6) Convenience Sampling
20
Random Sampling
Use a simple random sample from the entire population
21
Stratified Sampling
- Divide the entire population sequentially
- Strata are based on a specific characteristic such as age, income, education level, and so on
- All members of the stratum share the specific characteristic
- Draw random samples from each stratum
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Systematic Sampling
- Number all members of the population sequentially
- from a starting point selected at random, include every kth member of the population sample
23
Cluster Sampling
- Divide the entire population into pre-exiting segments or clusters
- Clusters are often geographic
- Make a random selection of clusters
- Include every member of each selected cluster in the sample
24
Multistage Sampling
- Use a variety of sampling methods to crate successively smaller groups at each stage
- The final sample consists of clusters
25
Convenience Sampling
Create a sample by using data from population members that are already available
26
Census
measurements or observations from the entire population are used
27
Observational Study
observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the response or the variable being measured
28
Experiment
a treatment is deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response or variable being measured
29
Placebo Effect
occurs when a subject receives no treatment but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably
30
