Test 1

Question 1

Used to stain polysaccharide capsules

Answer 1

India ink stain

Question 2

Used to stain organisms that are characterized by waxlike nearly impermeable cell walls; they contain mycolic acid and large amounts of fatty acids, waxes, and complex lipids.

Answer 2

Acid Fast stain

Question 3

What does a KOH prep do?

Answer 3

Lyses Gm- and does not lyse Gm+. It’s a way to determine if its Gm- or Gm+ fast.

Question 4

The scientific study or diagnostic examination of blood serum, especially with regard to the response of the immune system to pathogens or introduced substances.

Answer 4

Serology

Question 5

Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, and as such they contain no membrane- bound organelles True or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

a major virulence factor, found in the outer membrane of gram- bacteria

Answer 6

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 7

peptidoglycan is constantly be synthesized and degraded by…

Answer 7

autolysins

Question 8

‘spot-weld’ these ‘girders’ into place by cross-linking the peptides hanging from the girders to peptides dangling from the existing wall.

Answer 8

transpeptidases

Question 9

LPS comes in contact to MO and Platelets, they then activate…

Answer 9

MO:
TNF-a&raquo_space;> NO-»> Dilates BV
PEG-2&raquo_space;> osteoclasts
Collegians&raquo_space;> Collagen fibers destroyed

Platelets:
Fibrinogen active&raquo_space;> IV Coagulation&raquo_space;> Clotting

Question 10

DNA is ‘slurped’ up from a nearby dead cell by a live bacteria cell

Answer 10

Transformation

Question 11

Viruses transfer DNA between bacteria

Answer 11

Transduction

Question 12

DNA is directly passed from one bacterium to another

Answer 12

Conjugation

Question 13

causes the capillary endothelial cells to show ‘stop signs’ that cause certain inflammatory response cells to exit the capillaries and move to the site of injury.

Answer 13

cell adhesion molecules, or CAMs

Question 14

Primary Lymphatic tissue includes

Answer 14

The bone marrow and Thymus

Question 15

Secondary lymphatic tissue includes

Answer 15

Adenoids
Tonsils
Appendix
Payer's P.
Lymph nodes
Spleen

Question 16

small region of the antigen that actually binds to a B or T cell antigen recognition receptor

Answer 16

epitope

Question 17

All gram-negative bacteria have________, and often have one or more __________.

Answer 17

endotoxins

exotoxins

Question 18

Gram-positive bacteria do not have__________, but often have one or more_________.

Answer 18

endotoxins

exotoxins

Question 19

LPS itself activates:

Answer 19

• Complement cascade (alternative pathway), which initiates inflammation
• Hageman factor (causing coagulation!)
• Platelets (causing coagulation!)
• Macrophages/monocytes (causing secretion of pro inflammatory
mediators, enzymes and O2-radicals)

Question 20

What does the B Protein do in A-B toxin?

Answer 20

B protein component binds the A-B toxin specifically to certain host cells

Question 21

What does the A Protein do in A-B toxin?

Answer 21

A unit enters the cell as an enzyme and

damages certain cell functions

Question 22

What is ribosylation?

Answer 22

A-B toxins use NADH to add ribose to host

proteins such as elongation factor (blocking protein synthesis)

Question 23

What does A-B Shiga-toxin Do?

Answer 23

cleave ribosomal RNA, blocking ribosome function and thus inhibit protein synthesis.

Question 24

Superantigens Do what?

Answer 24

Inappropriately bind the Th cell TCR to HLA-II

molecule on APCs, initiating Th cell/macrophage activation, and a hugely excessive cytokine production

Question 25

S. Pyogenes Major characteristics

Answer 25

Acts opportunistically, found in the back of the throat b-Hemolytic, Group-A Many Toxins (exo) May cause Strep Throat, rheumatic fever, cellulitis

Question 26

S. Agalactiae Major characteristics

Answer 26

Found in GI or vaginal mucosa b-Hemolytic, Group-A Capsule Can cause Neonatal sepsis

Question 27

S. pneumoniae Major characteristics

Answer 27

Found in throat a-Hemolytic Capsule Can cause Pneumonia, earinfections>>>Meningitis

Question 28

Verdans Strep group Major characteristics

Answer 28

a-hemolytic | Causes Endocarditis, caries

Question 29

S. Pyogenes M Protein and F Protein are used for?

Answer 29

Facilitating colonization M Protein F Protein (fibronectin-binding protein) cross-link pili to host fibronectin on host epithelial cells

Question 30

Released by S. Pyogenes, inactivates ‘911’ molecule, | and thus interferes with alerting immune cells.

Answer 30

C5a peptidase

Question 31

Second most common cause of Urinary tract infections in young women.

Answer 31

• S. saprophyticus

Question 32

Staphylococcus aureus component of the cell wall. It binds to the Fc of IgG, thus blocking Ab opsonization

Answer 32

Protein A

Question 33

Staph. aureus are notorious for causing abscess diseases. How does he do it?

Answer 33

within a ‘fibrin fort,’ produced by the action of coagulase

Question 34

causes the very serious Toxic Shock Syndrome.

Answer 34

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) – superantigen

Question 35

Nosocomial infections are?

Answer 35

hospital acquired infections.

Question 36

Iatrogenic infections are?

Answer 36

Doctor acquired infections.