Test 1 Flashcards

Question

what did these territorial scuffles turn to and when? what did everyone do?

Answer 1

turned to war in 1756 and they both looked for allies in the tribes--french found them

Answer 2

* french were winning at first--better resources and troops, drove them back * tide turned 1757--william pitt took control and funded them

Answer 3

w french defeat at battle of quebec and signing of treaty of paris

Answer 4

◦ written in 1763 ◦ B got canada and land east of mississippi river ◦ F got sugar islands guadeloupe and martinique ◦ spain gave fluoride for philippines and cuba (seized by B during war) and got Louisiana from F

Answer 5

‣ Spain had teamed up w France to stop colonies/Britain | ‣ Spain and F-Catholic, England--protestant (religious war)

Answer 6

quaker rule in PA and ruined tribe accommodations there

Answer 7

◦ govt declared war on delaware, raised militia, offered bouty for Indian scalps, ◦ ton of quaker govt people resigned

Answer 8

‣ 1760--PA's holy experiment ended, along with Penn's promise of friendship and amity

Answer 9

destroyed indian village conestoga, ‣ massacring 1/2 dozen men, women, children who lived there under PA govt protection. ‣ marched Philly in Feb 1764 wanting to attack moravian indians nearby

Answer 10

‣ govt ordered expulsion of indian population.

Answer 11

not unified

Answer 12

◦ B Franklin outbreak of war--grand council, delegates from each colony, levy taxes and deal with indian relations and common defense, ◦ rejected by colonial assemblies and never sent on

Answer 13

◦ cost of governing + defending Britain's vast empire made Bs most heavily taxed in world ◦ Britain struggled w heavy debts and taxes while colonies prospering (who were annoyed by lack of representation)

Answer 14

elected delegates from YOU

Answer 15

represented by default

Answer 16

``` ‣ Canada ‣ American Colonies ‣ Ohio ‣ Mississippi River Valleys ‣ Florida ◦ 200,000 Indians lived in territory west of Appalachian Mountains ```

Answer 17

‣ french departure in E NA after FI war eliminated balanced power diplomacy with the Indian groups. • indian mindset--domination=loss of freedom; french had given it away w/o asking.

Answer 18

* Alliance of Indians led by Pontiac (Ottawa war leader) attacked and beat British * Only Fort Pitt, Niagara and Detroit remained under GB control • Britain regains control of Ohio Valley in 1764 •

Answer 19

◦ after french defeat in 1763, Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched revolt against GB.

Answer 20

◦ by sending blankets with smallpox to Indians – and sending 10,000 troops to protect colonists ◦ British wanted Americans to help pay for army

Answer 21

To keep peace with Indians Britain orders no settlement in new territory ◦ Wanted land between Appalachian and Mississippi as a barrier between Indians and English colonies

Answer 22

GB trying to avoid conflict but colonies want western resources and land

Answer 23

‣ Colonists have already claimed some of the land and they did fight in the war but nooooo ‣ Most were farmers ‣ Political rights were tied to land ownership ‣ Americans angered by restrictions on settlement ‣ Colonists needed land for wealth

Answer 24

◦ Sugar Act: tax on all sugar/molasses coming to America from anywhere BUT GB ‣ Also taxed coffee, wine, textiles

Answer 25

discourage colonials from smuggling nonGB goods to avoid Parliament taxes ‣ reduced smuggling ‣ disrupted colony economy by increasing cost of imported items • reduced exports to nonGB markets

Answer 26

‣ colonials protested act primarily bc economic impact, secondary political ◦ first time in history "NTWT" is seen ◦ response to sugar act: spite ‣ organized boycott of luxury GB goods ‣ 50 merchants agreed to boycott, began self-sufficiency production • especially fabric

Answer 27

◦ goal: raise reve to help deal w military cost of protecting colonies; beginning in 1764 GB govt tries to tax colonies to help

Answer 28

◦ Chancellor of Exchequer (Treasury) Grenville needed to raise money for wars Britain had fought against France ‣ Colonists had benefitted from wars (Wars eliminated French, Spanish, Dutch and Indian threats on land and sea) • Pitt had borrowed a ton for F/I war • ◦ Sugar Act reduced duty put in place in Molasses Act ◦ Grenville planned to enforce it unlike Molasses which was ignored

Answer 29

◦ Required a tax be paid on all pieces of paper | ‣ Needed to be stamped to prove tax was paid

Answer 30

• Could be fined or jailed for refusing or evading tax

Answer 31

• first internal (direct) tax ◦ Paid directly by colonists ◦ Colonists didn’t mind external taxes but resented internal taxes

Answer 32

◦ response: outrage, protests, street violence, boycotts ◦ united to make a stamp act congress to declare grievances ‣ Declaration of rights and grievances • claim: unfair cause no representation

Answer 33

◦ parliament repealed SA exactly a year later

Answer 34

‣ Grenville wanted to regulate trade in expanded empire ‣ Decided to enforce Navigation Acts which had been ignored as part of salutary neglect ‣ Would punish smugglers and strengthen royal Admiralty Courts

Answer 35

‣ Americans did not want to lose their rights as Englishmen ‣ Boycotts began against British businesses • Would not resume buying British goods until Stamp Act repealed ‣ Sons of Liberty formed • Secret organization to terrorize tax collectors • Many tax collectors resigned

Answer 36

‣ 9 of 13 colonies sent representatives to New York ‣ Demand repeal of Sugar and Stamp Acts ‣ Protested increased power of Admiralty Courts

Answer 37

‣ 13% reduction in trade between Britain and America ‣ British merchants wanted law repealed ‣ Benjamin Franklin warned House of Commons that laws could lead to rebellion

Answer 38

‣ Britain repealed Stamp Act | ‣ Act also said Parliament had right to make laws for Americans in “all cases whatsoever”

Answer 39

◦ Benjamin Franklin argued Americans opposed internal taxes, would support external Proposed taxes on imported items lead, glass, paint, tea

Answer 40

‣ Internal taxes • made within the colony paid by purchaser on products made within the colony ‣ External taxes • would be tariffs on items imported into colony

Answer 41

‣ Reorganized customs service for collecting taxes ‣ Ordered New York governor to veto New York ‣ Assembly laws until NY started giving supplies to British troops • British tax collectors were corrupt

Answer 42

◦ Reaction: Boston boycott ‣ homespun clothing ‣ self sufficiency ‣ simple american resistance

Answer 43

‣ Americans stopped trade with Britain ‣ 40% drop in trade between America and Britain ‣ Britain sent troops to America in response to protests

Answer 44

◦ rioting bc GB took a ship that violated trade regulations ◦ got pissed and threw ice at soldiers ‣ GB soldier panicked and fired into crowd

Answer 45

◦ escalated into armed confrontation leaving 5 Bostonians dead ‣ coincidence: Parliament repealed Townshend Act same day ◦ first killed was Crispus Attucks ‣ sailor of Indian-white-African ancestry

Answer 46

◦ commanding officer + 8 soldiers trial in Massachusetts ‣ 2 convicted of manslaughter ‣ "Paul Revere, a silversmith and engraver, helped to stir up anger against the British army by producing a widely circulated print of the Boston Massacre." ◦ John Adams defended soldiers at trial and they were acquitted of murder ◦ Sam Adams described event as massacre by bloodthirsty soldiers

Answer 47

◦ Prime Minister Lord North orders all Townshend Acts repealed except Tea Tax ‣ Was left to prove Britain had right to tax colonists ◦ Committees of Correspondence

Answer 48

‣ Were created to keep communication within and between colonies about British actions ‣ Increased cooperation between colonies

Answer 49

slaves from africa to Americas, raw materials to Europe, manufactured to africa

Answer 50

◦ slaves arrow middle passage ‣ 7.7mil of them ‣ 1/5 of 2.3 million living in english colonies were african ‣ voyage across atlantic, terrible experience • africans branded, beaten, diseased, committed suicide by jumping off ship, • 1/5 died on way • most slaves went to brazil or w indies--high death rate on sugar plantations ‣ slavery the norm

Answer 51

``` • dejure v defacto ◦ dejure ‣ what law says ◦ deficit ‣ what really happens ```

Answer 52

◦ The East India Company, a giant trading monopoly, governed recently acquired British possessions in India. ‣ granted monopoly on American tea trade ‣ believed a plot to drive companies out of business; tea symbolized GB tyranny ‣ British government, now headed by Frederick Lord North, offered the company a series of rebates and tax exemptions.

Answer 53

◦ ton of wealthy british investors ◦ price of stock in the company rising sharply and then collapsing ◦ rescue effort- ‣ -GB govt markets Chinese tea in NA • could dump low-priced tea on the American market, undercutting both established merchants and Smugglers. ‣ many colonists insisted that to pay it on this large new body of imports would acknowledge Britain’s right to tax the colonies

Answer 54

• Eliminated colonial middleman

Answer 55

‣ December 16, 1773, a group of colonists disguised as Indians boarded three ships at anchor in Boston Harbor and threw more than 300 chests of tea into the water. ‣ The event became known as the Boston Tea Party. • The loss to the East India Company was $1 million in today’s money. ◦ king george furious, encouraged parliament to punish colonies

Answer 56

‣ Closed the port of Boston, ‣ Increased military influence in Boston ‣ tried to Force Bostonians to make restitution for Boston Tea Party ‣ Restructured the government in Massachusetts, ‣ Provided greater protection for British officials charged with crimes while performing their duties, ‣ Revised an earlier act forcing colonists to provide housing for British troops in the colonies, ‣ Rewarded the loyal colony of Quebec by reestablishing its borders and granting it land in the Ohio Country at the expense of other colonies.

Answer 57

◦ five laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774, which prompted the calling of the First Continental Congress. ‣ response to recent colonial actions flaunting British authority ‣ designed to punish boston ‣ by Britain referred to the legislation collectively as the Coercive Acts or the Restraining Acts.

Answer 58

Banned town meetings | Reduced power of colonial assembly

Answer 59

Royal officials and soldiers would be tried in England for their crimes

Answer 60

British soldiers would live in American homes

Answer 61

◦ further ammunition for a growing radical element in the colonies

Answer 62

‣ demand colonial rights against British harsh treatment ‣ issues declaration of rights • affirms loyalty to Crown • disputes Parliament's right to tax them ‣ passes Articles of Associations • called for boycott if Coercive Acts not repealed ‣ agreed to meet in year if problems persist

Answer 63

◦ Massachusetts Patriots gathered guns and ammunition, stored major stockpile in Concord 20 m from Boston. ◦ 4/18/1775 British force of 800 move out of Boston to seize these weapons--• Small towns outside Boston, • Minutemen meet Redcoats in a very briefskirmish • Starts the war

Answer 64

◦ 2nd continental congress -- peaceful petition ◦ Representatives from New England are more involved because that's where the violence is happening ◦ Massachusetts against ◦ Quaker idea to avoid fighting at all costs, so OBP ‣ we are gonna raise Continental army just in case king rejects this

Answer 65

type of pacifist Christians that keep the peace

Answer 66

peaceful petition | ‣ first meeting was May 10, 1775,

Answer 67

• Hearing that the British troops were planning to invade New York, the colonists decided to strike first. ◦ General George Washington reached Boston in July 1775 and attacked Boston in March 1776 ◦

Answer 68

Thomas Paine writes Common Sense

Answer 69

◦ Thomas Paine January 10, 1776

Answer 70

‣ Convinced even George Washington there was no going back ‣ Ultimately leads to the Colonies declaring independence ‣ First Public call for independence ‣ Mass audience ‣ Clear case for independence ‣ Blamed British rule for every colonial problem ‣ Blunt language ‣ Read aloud so even the illiterate had access

Answer 71

‣ Independence: Ultimately leads to the Declaration of Independence ‣ Republic: Power comes from the people, not a monarch ‣ Island vs Continent: In no universe does the smaller rule the larger ‣ Colonists no longer British: Many different peoples with very different experiences than those in Britain ‣ European Entanglements: Britain’s fights with France and Spain impinge on colonial business ‣ Distance: Ruling from so far is not effective

Answer 72

◦ Becomes US of A ◦ They had had individual constitutions for each state • 2nd CC • The delegates at the Second Continental Congress debated one central issue: should the colonies declare themselves independent, or should they stay under British rule. ◦ Said it has to be unanimous • NY abstains bc NY meetings could never be on anything • Mother country separation unheard of ◦ vote happens on 3rd, signed 7/4/1776 ◦ author--Jefferson ◦ 4 sections ◦ New govt is The Articles of Confederation

Answer 73

‣ Preamble--intro ‣ rights--life, liberty, happiness ‣ grievances ‣ declaration

Answer 74

``` • federal=central=national govt • referred to as "rope of sand" ‣ confederation--group of states united under weak central govt • One house legislature • each state one vote in congress ◦ congress = legislature • states feared a strong central govt • ONLY unanimous vote of states could change the articles ‣ problems w articles of confederation • ```

Answer 75

each state has their own constitution and now they've been going new territory to the west with no government • Debt- Congress had borrowed nearly $60 million from European governments during the war • Inflation ◦ a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Answer 76

◦ Daniel Shays Massachusetts farmer ‣ a lot of farmers borrowed $ during war to grow more crops to sell more to supply army and get into debt and massachusetts threatens to take away farms and Daniel Shays + group goes and attacks govt to rebel against Massachusetts • Massachusetts militia had to scramble

Answer 77

``` No ability to tax No national currency No national court system No executive branch No power to regulate trade ``` Need all states to agree to change the Articles of Confederation; One vote per state regardless of population

Answer 78

Experience, good military, funds, indians, Hessian (German mercenaries), great navy

Answer 79

home court, passion, french alliance, intangible advantages, good generals, geography, validity of claim, guerilla warfare

Answer 80

guest court, difficult objective, american sympathizers, expensive war, red coats, lines, distances

Answer 81

lack of experience, ragtag military, $, discord among ranks, shitty navy

Answer 82

economic theory that the colonies exist for financial benefit of GB

Answer 83

◦ first major battle of the revolution ◦ - Fought on breed's hill - ◦ British victory but many casualties ‣ Casualties = injured/dead/missing

Answer 84

◦ Washington crosses Delaware ◦ Christmas Night, 1776--Surprise Attack on drunk, hungover Hessians ◦ Huge American victory

Answer 85

◦ Loyalist--loyal to crown/Torrey | ◦ Patriot-rebel

Answer 86

The colonies were governed by Parliament along with the rest of Great Britain, but were separated from Britain itself. This meant that the colonies would have to follow laws (in this case, pay taxes,) without any interaction with the law-makers.

Answer 87

Boston Patriots learned about GB soldiers' plan ◦ Main GB force arrive and Lexington, 5m from Concord, encounter armed militia ◦ Fighting STARTS BEFORE DECLARATION ◦ Shot heard round the world• Small towns outside Boston, • Minutemen meet Redcoats in a very briefskirmish • Starts the war

Answer 88

◦ Fall 1777, Saratoga, NY ◦ Major turning point in the war ◦ The victory of Saratoga convinced the French that the Americans could win the conflict. ◦ British wanted to separate New England heart of revolution from the other colonies then war would've be over but Americans are winners under Benedict Arnold

Answer 89

*Benjamin Franklin had one of the most important tasks of the Revolution. He was sent to France in 1777 in order to gain a formal promise of alliance against the British. The French & British had long been enemies and Franklin was beloved in France. His popularity helped him secure the Treaty of Alliance in 1778

Answer 90

◦ Washington has his army camp in Pennsylvania during winter of 1777 ◦ over 2k men die during this freezing winter ◦ smallpox ◦ Washington inoculates troops by taking pus from a boil and inject another person ◦ baron von steuben brought in by Washington--Prussian military officer, exed from Prussia bc he was gay, got W's troops into shape

Answer 91

• In 1779, the assistance of a French leader, Marquis de Lafayette, helped to increase morale and push the Americans forward.

Answer 92

◦ Charles Cornwallis went to Yorktown, VA ◦ Washington and Lafayette have him surrounded by land ◦ French navy arrives for support in September of 1781 ◦ October, 1781 -- Lord Cornwallis surrenders to the Continental Army ◦ America wins the war • Different treaty of Paris ends war

Answer 93

secret meeting to replace articles of confederation--NJ or VA plan

Answer 94

Proposed by James Madison II. Called for A Legislative Branch with 2 houses III. Number of representatives is based on each state’s population IV. One house elected directly by the people & members of that house elect members the 2nd house V. There will be 3 branches of government

Answer 95

a. Legislative – make laws b. Executive – enforce laws c. Judicial – interpret laws

Answer 96

I. Proposed by William Patterson II. Called for a legislature with 1 house III. Each state, regardless of population or size, would send the same number of representatives to Congress IV. Small states would have the same amount of votes as larger states

Answer 97

Roger Sherman--bicameral legislature--Upper House (Senate), equal rep of 2 per state, Lower House (House of Representatives), proportional to population

Answer 98

at the time that the constitution was ratified the state assemblies chose the senators

Answer 99

● Stated ⅗ of all slaves count toward population ● Southern States wanted slaves to count for population

Answer 100

after ratification

Answer 101

support constitution and strong central govt

Answer 102

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay wrote a series of opinions

Answer 103

opposed strong central govt want a stated bill of rights

Answer 104

required slaves; agriculture based

Answer 105

Battles of Lex and Concord spark Revolutionary War, became war for American independence from Britain

Answer 106

The British are coming!

Answer 107

‣ France-- the first county to see America as independent nation (our first ever alliance) the French started giving military aid to the United States of America after Saratoga.

Answer 108

refused laws, kept troops in times of peace, cut trade, taxes, no trial by jury, abandoned politically, caused direct death

Answer 109

New Hampshire Massachusetts Bay Colony Rhode Island Connecticut

Answer 110

New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware

Answer 111

``` Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia ```

Answer 112

Anonymous article urging reconciliation w Britain 1/1775

Answer 113

Pamphlet rebutting common sense--Charles Inglis--Anglican Minister

Answer 114

France is at peace w GB and won't risk that for us

Answer 115

extended quebec border to ohio river, which interfered w MA, CT, VA, NY, no representative assembly and special rights to Catholic Church