Test 1 Flashcards

Question

William James

Answer 1

Popularized Darwin theories on instinct. | (physical instincts and psychological instincts). one of the founders of psychology.

Answer 2

Drive theory view that behavior was motivated to the extent that it served the needs of the organism and restored a biological homeostasis. The function of behavior is to service bodily needs The two most widely accepted models of Drive were proposed by Freud and Hull

Answer 3

Source Impetus Object Aim once a bodily deficit begins, the body is taken out of homeostasis and won't return to normal until homeostasis is restored

Answer 4

sEr = sHr x D the strength of the behavior = the habit of behavior time the drive Added external behaviors to take into consideration external drives K = Incentive motivation Essentially stated that our behavior can become predictable.

Answer 5

Will - The philosophical study of the will turned out to be a dead end that explained very little about motivation, as it actually raised more questions than it answered. Instinct - The physiological study of the instinct proved to be an intellectual dead end as well, as it became clear that “naming is not explaining.” Drive - Drive theory proved itself to be overly limited in scope, and with its rejection came the field’s disillusionment with grand theories in general, though several additional grand motivational principles emerged with some success, including incentive and arousal.

Answer 6

Incentive - Behavior is motivated by reward (hedonism). Through learning people formed expectations of gratification incentives and expectancies motivation can arise through experience rather than biology 3) motivation can change from moment-to-moment Arousal - 1) Aspects of the environment (e.g. how stimulating, novel or stressful) effect the arousal state of the brain 2) Arousal has a curvilinear relationship to behavior Low arousal = boredom High arousal = fear, anxiety 3) Essentially drive theory defined in terms of neurophysiology and cognition

Answer 7

the stress hormone

Answer 8

Day to day events stir biochemical agents into action (loss of fluids) which cause biochemical agents to stimulate these brain structures (Drive) which cause brain structures to generate specific motivational states (thirst).

Answer 9

Environmental event (food deprivation from dieting) causes a biochemical agent (the hormone Ghrelin) which affects brain structure (G stimulates the hypothalamus) which arouses the psychological experience of hunger (Motivation)

Answer 10

Environmental Event (Compliment) triggers the release of dopamine (Biochemical agent) which affects the brain structure (stimulates limbic structures) which causes a change in emotion (Feeling nice, pleasure)

Answer 11

Surgeon's view | fMRI

Answer 12

Part of the brain that regulates a range of important biological functions. Including eating, drinking, and mat- ing (via the motivations for hunger, satiety, thirst, and sex) (1%) Approach-Oriented

Answer 13

large collection of pathway-like fibers that connect the hypothalamus to other limbic structures. The “pleasure center” of the brain. Approach-Oriented

Answer 14

processes such incentive-related information that helps people make choices between options, such as which product among many to buy or whether to drink orange juice or water. Approach-Oriented

Answer 15

detects and responds to threatening and emotionally significant events, though each of its differ- ent nuclei serves a different function. Stimulation of one part of the amygdala generates emotional anger, while stimulation of another part generates emotional fear and defensive behavior. Avoidance-Oriented

Answer 16

Pleasure center associated with sociability, sexuality Approach-Oriented

Answer 17

plays a critical role in the experience of pleasure from naturally occurring reinforcers (good food, social acceptance) and drugs that contribute to addictions. It generates a “liking” reaction to different incoming sensations, such as food. Approach-Oriented

Answer 18

involved in the control of day-to-day mood, volition, and making choices. Decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex is associated with felt sadness and depression. The anterior cingulate cortex is important to volition (will) and the mental activity underlying the act of making a choice. Approach-Oriented

Answer 19

Making plans, setting goals, formulating intentions Approach-Oriented

Answer 20

Approach motivational and emotional tendencies Approach-Oriented

Answer 21

Learning response-outcome contingencies that underlie perceived control beliefs and mastery motivation Approach-Oriented

Answer 22

Behavior inhibition system during unexpected events Avoidance-Oriented

Answer 23

Withdraw motivational and emotional tendencies Avoidance-Oriented

Answer 24

Behavioral reactions that to a negative stimulus

Answer 25

Behavioral reactions that to a positive stimulus

Answer 26

plays a key role in arousal and in the process of awakening the brain’s motivational and emotional concerns. (mouse)

Answer 27

NS PNS (Nerves) CNS ^ (Brain&Spine) Somatic S (Voluntary Muscles) Autonomic S (involuntary Muscles) ^ Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system

Answer 28

(1) dopamine, which generates good feelings associated with reward a. Tuberoinfundibular b. Nigrostriatal c. Mesocorticolimbic (2) serotonin, which influences mood and emotion (3) norepinephrine which regulates arousal and alertness (4) endorphin, which inhibits pain, anxiety, and fear by generating good feelings to counter these negative feelings

Answer 29

(1) dopamine, which generates good feelings associated with reward a. Tuberoinfundibular: in hypothalamus b. Nigrostriatal: Motor control c. Mesocorticolimbic: Pleasure (2) serotonin, which influences mood and emotion (3) norepinephrine which regulates arousal and alertness (4) endorphin, which inhibits pain, anxiety, and fear by generating good feelings to counter these negative feelings

Answer 30

the storage facility for neurotransmitters.

Answer 31

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.. This begins when neurotransmitters held in the axon move into the synapse (between the axon and dendrite (lining)) to another nerve. The receptor site binds with the neurotransmitters, changing potential.

Answer 32

Only A specific Neurotransmitter will match with a specific receptor (Dopamine connects only to Dopamine receptor).

Answer 33

Dopamine Release >> Emotional Positivity >> Enhanced Functioning (Creativity and Insightful problem solving)

Answer 34

The dopamine pathway is particularly important to understanding motivation and emotion, as its primary motivational function is to generate positive feelings—an experience of pleasure or reward

Answer 35

Regulator of dopamine output to parts of the brain, based off what a person expects and actually receives, in regards to rewards from a particular course of action.

Answer 36

Incentives (stimuli that foreshadow the imminent delivery of rewards) triggers dopamine release. Stimuli that foreshadow the imminent delivery of rewards — pleasurable thought. Example - Kush, smelling Kush, or just thinking about Kush.

Answer 37

Dopamine release teaches us which events in the environments are rewarding. To acquire—and continue to maintain—incentive motivational properties, then dopamine release needs to occur

Answer 38

Dopamine release activates voluntary goal-directed approach responses. affects two brain events activation of voluntary goal-directed approach responses. The dopamine pathway includes an interface with the body’s muscular/motor system via the nucleus accumbens, which is the brain structure involved in the release of locomotion involved in goal-directed behavior . Thus, stimulation of the dopamine pathway increases the likelihood of approach behavior —partly because good feelings create approach motivation but also partly because activation of the motor system releases goal-directed approach behavior.

Answer 39

Addictive drugs are potent reinforcers because their repeated usage produces hypersensitivity to dopamine stimulation.

Answer 40

Wanting is a motivational state that occurs prior to receiving a reward, liking is a motivational state that occurs after reward receipt (pleasure of preference) They usually go hand in hand but you can want something (drugs) even though you don't necessarily like it. For the full experience of reward, wanting and liking need to occur together.

Answer 41

Cortisol, Testosterone, and Oxytocin

Answer 42

the so-called “stress hormone (Glucocorticoid).” When exposed to a stressor (test you're unprepared for), a person’s hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical system reacts (regulator), releasing cortisol from the adrenal gland.

Answer 43

underlies the mating effort—the investment of time and energy into same-sex competition and mate-seeking behavior. For instance, high testosterone levels help Wall Street stockbrokers make more money (compete better) during the day’s trading. High associated with cheating, while low associated with commitment and nurturing (single vs yolo).

Answer 44

known as the bonding hormone, is often referred to as the “tend and befriend stress response”. Helps people make attachments, confide in people during stress and is important in womens motivation.

Answer 45

Controls the stress function. stress will cause the hypothalamus to activate crf in the anterior pituitary, creating acth in the adrenal glands in the kidneys. this will release cortisol in the kidneys that will go to the brain and cause more stress.

Answer 46

controls the sexual functions (gnrh) goes to the anterior paturitary to lh (luteinizing hormone) and fsh (follicle stimulating hormone) go to the balls or ovaries which attribute to testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

Answer 47

Environmental events act as the natural stimulators of the brain’s basic motivational process.

Answer 48

we Are Not Always Consciously Aware of the Motivational Basis of Our Behavior