Test 1

Question 1

What type of behavior produces salivation, sweating, knee jerkin, vomiting?

Answer 1

Reflexive / Involuntary

Question 2

_____ a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.

Answer 2

Antecedent

Question 3

Elicited by antecedent. Stimulus: ___ -> ___

Example: food, cold, heat, tap on patellar tendon, finger

Answer 3

S –> R

Question 4

____ : stimulus that elicits a respond without prior conditioning

Answer 4

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

_____ : response that elicited by the stimulus without prior conditioning.

Answer 5

Unconditioned Response-

Question 6

The relationship between US and US is a function of ____ (ex: the history of species), rather than _____ (the history of the individual organism)

Answer 6

phylogeny ; ontogeny

Question 7

______ is the history of the individual organism.

Answer 7

Ontogeny

Question 8

______ is the history of the species

Answer 8

phylogeny

Question 9

An ____ stimulus elicits an _____ response regardless of any prior conditioning (ex: learning history)

Answer 9

Unconditioned ; unconditioned

Question 10

_____ - stimulus that does not elicit any response.

Answer 10

Neutral Stimulus

Question 11

____ ___ : process of pairing an NS (neutral stimulus) with a US (unconditioned stimulus) that elicits a particular UR (unconditioned response) until the NS (neutral stimulus) becomes capable of eliciting a similar response.

Answer 11

Respondent conditioned

Question 12

____ ____ : stimulus that elicits a CR (conditioned response) due to its history of reliable and repeated pairing with a US (unconditioned stimulus)

Answer 12

conditioned stimulus

Question 13

____ ____ : response elicited by a CS (conditioned stimulus)

Answer 13

Conditioned response

Question 14

____ ____ : procedure of repeated pairings of NS and US over trials.

Answer 14

respondent acquisition

Question 15

Respondent conditioning occurs when an organism responds to an event based on a history of an association with a biologically important event (ex: US). Thus, the CS/CR relationship is a function of both ____ and ____

Answer 15

phylogeny ; ontonegy

Question 16

US/UR : When Homer sees the donut, he produces natural salivation

NS- Homer’s daughter plays the saxophone and it produces a neutral response

NS is paired with US to produce UR= saxophone is paired with donut to produce a unconditioned response. Homer has still not learn to salivate as soon as he hears the saxophone.

CS-> CR= Homer has now learned to salivate at the hear of the saxophone

Answer 16

.

Question 17

True or False?

It is important to note that if a conditioned stimulus is not practiced and enforced, the CR will be lost.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

___ and ___ stay the same.

The __ and ___ are the same.

Answer 18

NS and CS are the same

UR and CR are the same.

Question 19

____ ___ ___ : the procedure in which a NS becomes a CS by being paired with another CS instead of with an US stimulus.

Answer 19

Higher order conditioning

Question 20

Factors that influence respondent conditioning

1. ______ : of the US/NS presentation (e.g. trace, delay, simultaneous, and backwards).
2. The _____ of the US and NS.
3. The ______ of pairing between the US and NS. Every trial is best.
4. ____ of US/NS pairings.
5. The ___ the better. Can occur with ___
6. ___ ___ to NS unpaired with US.
7. _____ ____ : members of a species are more readily conditioned to some NS as CS than others.

Answer 20

Factors that influence respondent conditioning

1. timing : of the US/NS presentation (e.g. trace, delay, simultaneous, and backwards).
2. The intensity of the US and NS.
3. The reliability of pairing between the US and NS. Every trial is best.
4. Number of US/NS pairings.
5. The more, the better. Can occur with one.
6. Prior exposure to NS unpaired with US.
7. . biological preparedness: members of a species are more readily conditioned to some NS as CS than others.

Question 21

___ ____ : after repeated presentation of the CS without further parings with US, the CS goes away.

Answer 21

Respondent Extinction

Question 22

Example: when Homer is no longer salivating to the sounds of the saxophone is called?

Answer 22

Respondent Extinction.

Question 23

Someone that takes heroin and goes to rehab, they’re in a new environment when they take the same dosage drug, their body is not used to it so that is when they ____.

Answer 23

overdose

Question 24

___ ____ - presenting the CS but not the US so that CS loses it’s effects (becomes neutral)

ex: exposure therapy is when the present the “snake” or whatever the person might be afraid of again and again until they are no longer scared.

Answer 24

Respondent extinction

Question 25

__________ - conditioning a response to a stimulus that is incompatible with the response typically elicited by that stimulus

Answer 25

counterconditioning

Question 26

______ : exposure to ful blown, high intensity CS until fear subsides.

Answer 26

Flooding

Question 27

____ _____ : exposure to hierarchy of anxiety producing situations during relaxation training.

Answer 27

Systematic desensitization

Question 28

___________ : progressive muscle relaxation. Ex: 1. diaphragmatic breathing: deep, regular breathing 2. Attention focusing exercises: think about something pleasant 3. Behavioral relaxation training: taught postures to facilitate relaxation and breathing

Answer 28

counterconditioning

Question 29

Example of ____ ______ _____ 1. Being in the room next door to a snake 2. Being in the same room with a snake 3. Snake is 5 feet away 4. Snake is within arms reach 5. Snake is on your lap 6. Snake is approaching your face 7. Snake is licking your face

Answer 29

Systematic Desensitization Hierarchy

Question 30

Summary of the article "The Wide World of Psychomythology"

Answer 30

Definition: scientific beliefs that are NOT true

Question 31

_____ : Misconceptions, urban legends, false assumptions, and misinformed "common sense" beliefs about abnormal behavior.

Answer 31

psychomythology

Question 32

Myth or fact: | opposites attract in romantic relationships

Answer 32

myth, they do not attract.

Question 33

_______ - environmental or physiological events that immediately precede behavior.

Answer 33

proximate

Question 34

_____ : historical events (species, individual, or cultural history) that make proximate causes effective.

Answer 34

ultimate

Question 35

Ex of ______ when decided if someone will cross the red light: - The familiarity that someone has with the street light. That will determine whether they take it or not. - History of driving, if they've been driving for a long time. - If you have successfully taken red lights before - if you have gotten a ticket before

Answer 35

Ultimate (historical) | -something historical that effects your decision

Question 36

Example of ________ when decided if someone will cross the red light: - If you have a baby with you in the car - if your parents are inside the car with you - whether you see a cop car or not

Answer 36

Proximate (contemporary) | -something that is then and there that will affect your decision

Question 37

What is ____ ___? | Def: Sound reasoning independent of specialized training or knowledge

Answer 37

common sense

Question 38

what is _____ ? Def: Making judgments or decisions without reasoning. ex: It "feels" right (gut feeling)

Answer 38

intuition

Question 39

Skepticism leads us toward... 1. Conclusions based on ____ ____ (observable and testable) 2. Conclusions based on observation, logic, and _____

Answer 39

external validation ; verification

Question 40

Common sense leads us towards... 1. Conclusions based on ____ ____ 2. Conclusions based on ____ 3. Conclusions based on logic, and sometimes observation, in the ___ ____

Answer 40

1. personal insight 2. authority 3. absence of verification

Question 41

Goal: ____ practices seek to understand structure (what) and function (why) in order to cure the sick, predict the future, make $$, etc.

Answer 41

pseudoscience

Question 42

Science is a ___. It is a process. US trying to understand. - Key to science is to replicate! - Falsifiable- if we cannot prove it then we should NOT put it in our inquiry

Answer 42

verb

Question 43

____ does NOT adhere to scientific method

Answer 43

pseudoscience

Question 44

____ lacks evidence or has faulty evidence

Answer 44

pseudoscience

Question 45

_____ is unfalsifiable (I can't prove there is no Santa Claus)

Answer 45

pseudoscience

Question 46

______ is unreliable (not replicable by other people, in other settings, with other equipment, etc)

Answer 46

unreliable

Question 47

____ : is the outright rejection of the time-tested methods of science as means of producing value and useful knowledge.

Answer 47

Antiscience

Question 48

The extreme ____ view is that there are no objective facts; all knowledge is made up of personal interpretations of phenomena.

Answer 48

antiscience

Question 49

Measurement of _____ : -The nature of trying to control something to study inevitable changes what it is you are studying, this not subject to scientific inquiry.

Answer 49

antiscience

Question 50

_____ : intuition, common sense, and perfection are fallible guides to understanding nature.

Answer 50

Sole

Question 51

Is science fallible?

Answer 51

Yes, but self-corrective

Question 52

An _____ ____ is a person whom is not trained in, or has no background knowledge of psychiatry, but will still continue to give advice concerning, and often attempt to diagnose, the mental health of others.

Answer 52

"armchair psychiatrist"

Question 53

___ ___ - individuals who have successfully identified patterns have survived and lived to procreate

Answer 53

natural selection

Question 54

Given an Example of Psychological Claim, Provide Reason Why it is Important to know if it is Myth. 1. 2. 3.

Answer 54

1. Psychological myths can be -->harmful 2. Psychological can --> cause indirect damage 3. The acceptance of psychological myths - ->can impede our critical think in other areas.

Question 55

We are susceptible to faulty common sense on intuitive conclusions or beliefs. __________: the fact that we've heard a claim repeated over and over again doesn't make it correct. But it can lead us to accept a claim as correct even when it is not, because we confuse a statement's familiarity with its accuracy.

Answer 55

Word of Mouth

Question 56

Science is like a tool box. 1. Problem: we are prone to making faulty conclusions or false assumptions. 2. Solution: ____ scientists form fooling themselves

Answer 56

tools that present

Question 57

Science of human behavior ___ ___ | -Skinner

Answer 57

is possible

Question 58

What is Science? - The search for ____ in the natural world. - What scientist do and learn from scientific activity.

Answer 58

regularities

Question 59

What is ______- | -Keeping an open mind about a new idea or claim but being cautious instead of accepting the information at face value

Answer 59

Skepticism

Question 60

What are the steps to critical thinking? 1. What am I being asked to believe or accept? 2. What evidence is provided to ___ the claim? 3. What are the most reasonable conclusions?

Answer 60

support

Question 61

What are Sources of Psychological myths?

Answer 61

Media (twitter, facebook, snapchat), grease, culture, mythology Example of myth: Going outside with wet hair will get you sick

Question 62

___ is a vital part of science

Answer 62

skepticism

Question 63

Science is a specific way of analyzing information with the goal of ____ ___

Answer 63

testing claims

Question 64

Characteristics of scientists: 1. Deal with ___ ___ Objective: observed by more than one person Reliable: two or more observers agree whether or not the events occurred Quantitative: can be measured in physical units

Answer 64

empirical phenomena

Question 65

Characteristics of scientist: 2. Attempt to find orderly relationships between classes of events - Functional relationships equal casual relationship - The value of one event (termed variable) is determined by (or is a function of) the value of a second variable. Example: duration and intensity of crying and amount of attention received

Answer 65

..

Question 66

Scientists assume the phenomena they study are ___ and ____. ________ : revealed in the past will happen again _______ : one event depends on another. (events happen because of things that happened in the past)

Answer 66

orderly-relationship deterministic

Question 67

Scientists assume the phenomena they study are ___ and ____. ________ : revealed in the past will happen again _______ : one event depends on another. (events happen because of things that happened in the past)

Answer 67

orderly-relationship deterministic

Question 68

Scientist make claims that are ___ and ___ ____ : subject to revision, cumulative _____ : self-correcting

Answer 68

tentative testable

Question 69

Six Foundational Assumptions of Any science 1. Determinism- events happen because of preceding causes 2. Empiricism - direct, objective observation and measurement of subject matter 3. Experimentation- the process through which causal relation are uncovered 4. Replication- the repeating of experiments that lead to a progressive, self-correcting process 5. parsimony- the theory that relies on the fewest hypotheses and explain the most phenomena wins 6. Philosophic doubt- science always results in tentative claims

Answer 69

..

Question 70

_____ ___ is the study of interactions between behavior and the environment in which it occurs. The behavior of any scientist is guided by the foundational assumptions of a scientific approach

Answer 70

psychological science

Question 71

____ ___: internally consistent - Laws and principles make sense in light of the observation that it attempts to explain. - Findings do not violate those of other scientific disciplines

Answer 71

Mature science

Question 72

____ ____ : laws permit accurate predictions to be made

Answer 72

deductively ordered

Question 73

_____ : a system of riles and assumptions used to explain and predict observations. - Some psychological theories are formal, detailed, and specific, whereas other are loose and informal. - all of them are signed to make sense of, or to organize, observations.

Answer 73

theory

Question 74

Five criteria for evaluating theories 1. Empirical support- based on research 2. ________ - plausible (ex: brain) 3. Generality- the more general the better 4. ______- simplest explanation, fewest assumptions 5. utility- usefulness, practically

Answer 74

Five criteria for evaluating theories 1. Empirical support- based on research 2. Logical support- plausible (ex: brain) 3. Generality- the more general the better 4. Parsimony- simplest explanation, fewest assumptions 5. utility- usefulness, practically

Question 75

_____ ____ : explanations of events in nature based on, but not directly from experimental findings.

Answer 75

scientific interpretations

Question 76

_____ ____ : giving behavior a categorical name. | Ex: thats frustration

Answer 76

nominal fallacy

Question 77

____ ____ : using the name as an example | Ex: Cries because he's frustrated

Answer 77

circular reasoning

Question 78

______ : treating digressed, diagnoses etc as an explanation. ex: he cried because has has separation anxiety

Answer 78

Reification

Question 79

_____ : using future events, set to happen, to explain current behavior. example: he cried to get his mom to come back

Answer 79

teleology

Question 80

What is the problem with these Inadequate Explanations (nominal fallacy, circular reasoning, reification, teleology)?

Answer 80

They are not observable or testable

Question 81

____ ____ environmental or physiological events that immediately precede behavior

Answer 81

proximate causes

Question 82

____ ____ - historical events (species, individuals or cultural history) that make proximate causes effective

Answer 82

ultimate causes