Test 3

Question 1

Behavior is anything a person says or does.
Technically, behavior is any glandular, muscular, or electrical activity of an organism.

Synonyms: Performance, action, ______

Answer 1

response.

Question 2

The _____ of a response is the specific movements involved in making the response.
Eg. The specific movements involved in performing a volleyball spike

Answer 2

topography

Question 3

_________

• The number of instances of the behavior that occur in a given period of time
• Rate is often used interchangeably with this
• common measure of the amount of behavior
• Ex: if interested in improving the practice performance of young skaters, you might examine the frequency with which they performed various jumps and spins during practices
• Frequency graph: each data represents the total number of elements completed during a session
• Cumulative Graph

Answer 3

Frequency

Question 4

_____ ___ ______ : The number of instances of the behavior that occur in a given period of time

ex: Ex: if interested in improving the practice performance of young skaters, you might examine the frequency with which they performed various jumps and spins during practices

Answer 4

frequency of behavior

Question 5

1. Each response is added to the total responses of all previous sessions for a condition
2. The slope of a line indicates response rate
3. The line can never decrease
4. easier to see small differences between conditions

Answer 5

four types of questionnaires used in behavioral assessments.

Question 6

____ ____ : indicates the highest rate of the behavior

Low Slope: indicates very low rate of the behavior

___ ___ :when behavior is not being performed at all, there are no responses with what is already there = line never decreases

Answer 6

Steep Slope ; Flat Line

Question 7

What is another word for the intensity of a response?

Answer 7

“Magnitude” or “force”.

Question 8

Describe an example in which it would be important to measure the intensity of a behaviour.

Answer 8

For example, assessments of intensity often utilize instrumentation. An example of this would be when voice loudness is the behaviour of concern; decibel level can be measured using a device called a ‘voice meter’.

Question 9

____ _____ is the time span between a stimulus and a response or reaction.

Answer 9

Response Latency

Question 10

_____ ____ In geophysics, the process of making uninterrupted records or observations over selected periods of time.

Answer 10

continuous recording

Question 11

______ _______ Recording for a certain amount of time

Answer 11

interval recording.

Question 12

_____ ___ _____ means that the observer is interested in behavior that occurs or not in any part of the interval and that the behavior usually does not consume the entire interval. Examples of discrete behaviors that can be observed using _____ ___ _____ include swearing, hitting, participating in class discussions, and making positive statements to peers and others.

Answer 12

Partial interval recording

Question 13

____ ____ logs the behavior as either occurring or not occurring during short intervals of equal duration during the specified observation period.

-_____ ____ ___: sets a predetermined amount of time (interval) and measures how many instances of the behavior occurred during that time period.

Answer 13

Interval recording ; Whole interval recording

Question 14

_____ ____ _____ only measures whether a behavior occurred in the interval, not the frequency of the behavior. In _____ ___ _____, if the behavior occurs more than once, the behavior is only recorded once, as having occurred during the time interval.

Answer 14

partial interval recording

Question 15

When would one likely select an interval-recording system over a continuous recording system?

If successive responses are of _____ ____`, such as time spent watching TV or on Facebook, or exhibiting off-task behaviour in a classroom, interval recording is commonly used rather than continuous recording where every instance of a behaviour during a designated observation period is recorded.

Answer 15

variable duration

Question 16

A special case of ____ ____ in which a behaviour is recorded as occurring or not occurring at specific points in time, such as every hour on the hour rather than during specific brief intervals.

Answer 16

time sampling

Question 17

___ ___ refers to how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids confounding (more than one possible independent variable [cause] acting at the same time). The less chance for confounding in a study, the higher its ____ ____ is.

Answer 17

Internal validity

Question 18

____ _____ is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific research, usually based on experiments as experimental validity. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.

Answer 18

External validity

Question 19

1. baseline: teacher has student write math test and records the score
2. implement tx: student writes a math test with reinforcement program and score increases from last time
3. discontinue tx (back to baseline): to see if the students score will drop to where is was in a the beginning
4. apply tx again: to see if the students score will increase with tx again
   also known as withdrawal design or ABAB design

Answer 19

four components of the reversal-replication design.

Question 20

Ideally, how long should the baseline phase of the reversal-replication design continue?

it should continue until the pattern of performance is ____ or until it shows a trend in the direction _____ to that prior to introduction to the independent variable.

Answer 20

stable ; opposite

Question 21

What scientific, practical, and ethical considerations might lead someone to lengthen or shorten a baseline?

• Scientific
• -The newness of the IV or DV
• • _____________
• -Length: If a child id hitting themselves you would want to shorten
• __________

Answer 21

Availability of researchers or participants
-Practical

.-Ethical

Question 22

• it might be undesirable to reverse to baseline conditions following a treatment phase.
• it might be impossible to obtain a reversal due to behavioral trapping.

Answer 22

two limitations of the reversal-replication design

Question 23

State an advantage of a multiple-baseline design over a reversal-replication design.

• no reversal
• __________

Answer 23

Accounts for selection- history threats

Question 24

_____ _______ ……: The control that a treatment exerts on an individual’s behaviour is evaluated by introducing successive changes in the behavioural criterion for the application of the treatment. In the example of DeLuca and Holborn, they started phase 1 at a base rate of pedalling. Then in phase 2 they used the baseline as a criterion for reinforcement, if a boy was 15% above his average baseline, he earned points that could be exchanged later for backup reinforcers. Then in phase 3, they used the performance rate in phase 2 as a criterion for reinforcement. The boys would earn points if they pedalled 15% above the average rate in phase 2. Then each subsequent phase increased the criterion for reinforcement to 15% higher than the average pedalling rate of the preceding phase.

Answer 24

describing the changing-criterion design.

Question 25

three potential limitations of a ..................... ? - the first individual might explain the treatment or model the desirable behavior to the other individuals, causing them to improve in the absence of treatment - Finding people with the same problem - Not have enough people to record

Answer 25

multiple-baseline-across-people design

Question 26

A ........................ involves establishing baselines for a specific behaviour across two or more people concurrently followed by the introduction of the treatment sequentially to each person. Ex) To demonstrate the effectiveness of combination of procedures in order to improve the practice performance of four female speed skaters. The baseline number of skating laps for each of the skaters is recorded, and then a treatment program is applied to one of the skaters while the others continued on baseline. If an improvement is seen in the skater with the treatment then the treatment will be applied to the second skater, then to the third and then to the fourth.

Answer 26

multiple-baseline-across-people design

Question 27

....................... : When the treatment was applied to the behavior in the 1st situation, it might cause subsequent improvement in all situations, the behavior may occur only in one situation, if the procedure is used with only 1 individual, we can conclude only that the treatment is effective with that individual

Answer 27

3 potential limitations of a multiple baseline across situations design

Question 28

A ............ involves establishing baselines for a specific behavior across two or more people concurrently followed by the introduction of the treatment sequentially to each person.

Answer 28

multiple-baseline-across-people design

Question 29

What are three potential limitations of a multiple-baseline-across-people design? - is applied to the behavior in the first situation, it might cause subsequent ______ in all situations - Less internal validity

Answer 29

improvement

Question 30

.................. : The control that a treatment exerts on an individual's behaviour is evaluated by introducing successive changes in the behavioural criterion for the application of the treatment. In the example of DeLuca and Holborn, they started phase 1 at a base rate of pedalling. Then in phase 2 they used the baseline as a criterion for reinforcement, if a boy was 15% above his average baseline, he earned points that could be exchanged later for backup reinforcers. Then in phase 3, they used the performance rate in phase 2 as a criterion for reinforcement. The boys would earn points if they pedalled 15% above the average rate in phase 2. Then each subsequent phase increased the criterion for reinforcement to 15% higher than the average pedalling rate of the preceding phase.

Answer 30

changing-criterion design.

Question 31

......................: involve alternating two or more treatment conditions, one condition per session to assess their effects on a single behavior of a single individual. Also called the multi elements design.

Answer 31

Alternating-treatment designs

Question 32

With reference to an example, briefly describe an .......... What is another name for this design? Problem? -AKA Multielement involves alternating two or more treatment conditions, one condition per session, to assess their effects on a single behavior of a single individual. -Push ups design oscar and i did. --Treatments interact and flaw internal validity

Answer 32

alternating-treatments design

Question 33

........... --the guidelines a researcher uses to evaluate whether there has been a convincing demonstration that the treatment was responsible for producing a reliable effect on the dependent variable. ............. --Practical criterion relates to judgments of clinical effectiveness or social importance.

Answer 33

Scientific Criteria ; Social Validity

Question 34

seven criteria would give you maximum confidence that the treatment in an _____ ____ had produced an effect on the dependent variable? 1: confidence that an effect has been observed is greater the more times that it is replicated 2: the fewer the overlapping points between baseline and treatment phases 3: the sooner the effect is observed following the treatment's introduction 4: the larger the effect in comparison to baseline 5: the more precisely the treatment procedures are specified 6: the more reliable the response measures 7: the more consistent the findings with existing data and accepted behavioral theory

Answer 34

ABAB design

Question 35

the three levels of _____ ____, and their importantance 1st: the extent to which the target behaviors are really the most important ones for the client and society 2nd: the acceptability to the client of the particular procedures used, especially when alternative procedures can accomplish h approximately the same results 3rd: the satisfaction of the consumers (clients/caregivers) with the results.

Answer 35

social validation

Question 36

Bribery is not positive reinforcement. Bribery is when you give the child something ____ the desirable behavior occurs.

Answer 36

BEFORE

Question 37

Reinforcement must be _____ ____. Use a planned reinforcement schedule.

Answer 37

consistently delivered.

Question 38

____ ____ consists of the simultaneous presentation of two stimuli

Answer 38

preference assessment

Question 39

A ___ would mean that the teacher would deliver reinforcement after every correct response from their student/s. For example, if you were teaching a student to read the letters A, B, C, and D, then everytime you presented one of these letters to your student and they correctly read the letter then you would deliver reinforcement.

Answer 39

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement (CRF)

Question 40

There are four basic types of .............. and these are: Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule. Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule. Variable-Ratio (VR) schedule. Variable-Interval (VI) schedule.

Answer 40

intermittent schedules of reinforcement

Question 41

____ ___ include achievement, advancement, autonomy, personal growth, recognition, responsibility, and the work itself.

Answer 41

Motivating factors

Question 42

______: Topography is the study of the shape and features of the surface of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids.

Answer 42

topography

Question 43

_______: recording is a simple counting of how many times a behavior occurs during a designated period of time. Those designated periods might be a minute, an hour, a day, or a week.

Answer 43

Frequency

Question 44

____: The number of times something occurs within a specified time period. ___ of behavior are often reported in "responses per minute," "responses per hour," or "responses per day."

Answer 44

RATE.

Question 45

_____: the state of existing but not yet being developed or manifest; concealment.

Answer 45

latency

Question 46

____ ____ is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred.

Answer 46

Descriptives research

Question 47

A _____ ___ is simply defined as a relationship between two variables. The whole purpose of using correlations in research is to figure out which variables are connected.

Answer 47

Correlational research

Question 48

____ _____ is what we call a true experiment. This is an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables.

Answer 48

experimental research

Question 49

_____ _____ : a relationship that exists when a well controlled experiment reveals that a specific change in one event (the dependent variable) can relaibly be produced by specific manipulations of another event ( the independent variable) and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneious factors (confounding variable)

Answer 49

functional relationship

Question 50

______ :A pattern of gradual change in a condition, output, or process, or an average or general tendency of a series of data points to move in a certain direction over time, represented by a line or curve on a graph.

Answer 50

Trend

Question 51

_______ (also called spread or dispersion) refers to how spread out a set of data is.

Answer 51

Variability

Question 52

____ _____ - Includes a reversal to baseline conditions followed by the replication of the treatment phase (and it is hoped, of the effect) - Often called ABAB design - Or a "withdrawal" design

Answer 52

Reversal-Replication

Question 53

.......... : a multiple baseline design in which the treatment variable is applied to two or more different behaviors of the same subject in the same setting.

Answer 53

multiple baseline across behaviors design

Question 54

............. : in which the treatment variable is applied to the same behavior of the same subject across two or more different settings, situations, or time periods

Answer 54

A Multiple baseline design

Question 55

-Used to evaluate effects of a treatment that is applied in a graduated fashion to a single target behavior -Baseline is followed by Treatment phase Once stabilized, the treatment serves as a baseline for increased criterion of the next phase -Is a variation of the multiple baseline design -Shows repeated production of new rates of behavior as function of manipulations of independent variable Is very flexible

Answer 55

Changing-criterion design

Question 56

...........: A little used and often confused design, capable of comparing two treatments within a single subject, has been termed, variously, a multielement baseline design, a multiple schedule design, and a randomization design.

Answer 56

Alternating-treatments design (Multielement design)

Question 57

____ : Applied interventions deal with measurable behavior (or reports if they can be validated).

Answer 57

Behavioral

Question 58

_____: Applied interventions deal with problems of demonstrated social importance.

Answer 58

Applied

Question 59

____ : Applied interventions require an objective demonstration that the procedures caused the effect.

Answer 59

Analytic:

Question 60

_______ : Applied interventions are described well enough that they can be implemented by anyone with training and resources.

Answer 60

Technological:

Question 61

_____ ____: Applied interventions arise from a specific and identifiable theoretical base rather than being a set of packages or tricks.

Answer 61

Conceptual Systematic

Question 62

______ : Applied interventions produce strong, socially important effects.

Answer 62

Effective

Question 63

______: Applied interventions are designed from the outset to operate in new environments and continue after the formal treatments have ended.

Answer 63

Generality

Question 64

.........: Interval recording documents whether a behavior occurred during a particular period. In order to determine this, an observation period is divided into brief intervals. Ex; 15 minutes, 5 minutes

Answer 64

duration of behavior

Question 65

_____ ____ : The time between two responses or, more strictly, from the beginning of one response to the beginning of the next. The time from a reinforcer to the next response is a latency and not an IRT, even if the reinforcer is response-produced.

Answer 65

INTERRESPONSE TIME.

Question 66

An ____ test is a psychological test that measures an individual's characteristics independent of rater bias or the examiner's own beliefs, usually by the administration of a bank of questions marked and compared against exacting scoring mechanisms that are completely standardized, much in the same way that examinations are administered.

Answer 66

objective

Question 67

The term _____ in psychological research refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test. For example, if a person weighs themselves during the course of a day they would expect to see a similar reading. Scales which measured weight differently each time would be of little use.

Answer 67

reliability

Question 68

_____ refers to the extent to which assessments are consistent. ... Another measure of ______ is the internal consistency of the items.

Answer 68

Reliability

Question 69

______ is the strength of the capacity to detect and discriminate stimuli. It is how strong the perception of a stimulus is in an individual.

Answer 69

Sensitivity

Question 70

_____ ____ the measure of a set is the sum of the measures of its horizontal sections, while for the maximal product measure a set has measure infinity unless it is contained in the union of a countable number of sets of the form A×B, where either A has Lebesgue measure 0 or B is a single ......

Answer 70

product measure

Question 71

______ _________: These measures are the specific steps in a process that lead — either positively or negatively — to a particular outcome metric. For example, let's say the outcome measure is LOS.

Answer 71

process measure

Question 72

____ ______ : A method of evaluating a student's behavior that provides you with a very precise picture of its regularity or severity is "behavioral recording". The teacher or aide observes the student directly and collects data on how long or how often a certain behavior occurs.

Answer 72

continuous recording

Question 73

____ ___ ___ : a time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5-10 seconds).

Answer 73

Partial interval recording

Question 74

A major advantage of the momentary ____ _____ _____ process is that a teacher does not need to be attending to a student's behavior all of the time.

Answer 74

time sample recording

Question 75

___________ : baseline and treatment, no external validity

Answer 75

A-B (quasi-experimental) design

Question 76

_______________ : put the treatment in place, take it out and then put it back in, take it out, and then put it back in. Measure what type of effects the treatment has.

Answer 76

A-B-A (Reversal) design

Question 77

__________ : Introduction of a single independent variable following a single baseline condition.

Answer 77

A-B Designs

Question 78

Advantage of ______ ◦ Repeated measurement under both baseline and treatment conditions: Allows for inspection of level, trend, and variability in data Limitations of _________ ◦ No replication of effects, cannot rule out confounding variables

Answer 78

A-B Designs

Question 79

_______: Introduction and subsequent removal of at least one independent variable following a single baseline condition

Answer 79

reversal designs

Question 80

ABA, ABAB, BAB, ABAC A-treatment B- ........................ C- treatment #2, #1 wasn't effective teaching new skills? multiple baseline design

Answer 80

take out treatment

Question 81

Advantages of ________ ◦ Simple yet extremely powerful demonstration of experimental control Disadvantages of ____________ ◦ Potential detrimental effects of reversal ◦ Irreversability

Answer 81

reversal designs

Question 82

___________ : Sequential introduction of an IV across more than one baseline Variations: across subjects, setting, behaviors

Answer 82

Multiple Baseline Designs

Question 83

Advantage of _______ ◦ Does not require reversal to demonstrate control Limitations of ______ ◦ Weaker form of replication ◦ Stability requirement more cumbersome ◦ Potential generalization across baselines

Answer 83

Multiple Baseline

Question 84

__________ : Rapid alteration of baseline and at least one IV (can be more)

Answer 84

Multielement (Alternating Tx)

Question 85

Advantages of ________ ◦ Does not require baseline (preferred) or stability ◦ Extraneous variables will affect both elements simultaneously ◦ Minimizes sequence effects Limitations of __________ ◦ Multiple treatment interference ◦ _________________________

Answer 85

Multielement

Question 86

_________ : Emphasizes is on demonstration of functional relations

Answer 86

Analytic

Question 87

________: Focus is on behaviors having social significance

Answer 87

Applied

Question 88

_________: Intervention results in socially significant behavior change.

Answer 88

effective

Question 89

_______: All procedures are identified and clearly described

Answer 89

Technological

Question 90

_______ : The focus is on observable events

Answer 90

Behavioral

Question 91

_____ : Extension of behavior change across time, setting, or other behaviors

Answer 91

Generality

Question 92

_______ :Procedures are related to basic principles which they are derived.

Answer 92

Conceptually Systematic

Question 93

_______: - Important in measuring amount - The sum of a behavior's duration/total time - Relative duration: of behavior is the length of time that it occurs within some period - Ex: keeping track of temper tantrumming because you are more concerned with it's duration than it's frequency

Answer 93

Duration: