TEST 1

Question 1

What is the evolutionary perspective?

Answer 1

To consider all behaviours a result of the evolutionary process.

Question 2

What carries our genetic code?

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

Explain Down Syndrome.

Answer 3

Extra chromosome #21. Physical variation and slow processing.

Question 4

Explain Klinefelters.

Answer 4

Extra X chromosome. Physical variation, infertile.

Question 5

Explain Turner’s syndrome.

Answer 5

Missing X chromosome in females, sexual underdevelopment and intellectual disabilities.

Question 6

Amniocentesis:

Answer 6

Amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic defects

Question 7

Chorionic villus sampling:

Answer 7

10-12 weeks, small sample of placenta tested for genetic or chromosomal defects

Question 8

Ultrasound:

Answer 8

High frequency sound waves, echo gives visual of inner structures of baby.

Question 9

What is a Passive genotype-environmental correlation vs. Evocative genotype-environmental correlation?

Answer 9

Passive: Parents provide to the child, things to improve what they have inherited to the child. (books for smarts)

Evocative: Childs personality provides them with their own environments. (talkative children receive more social environments)

Question 10

What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?

Answer 10

Fraternal: 2 eggs were fertilized
Identical: 1 egg fertilized and divides into 2 identical eggs

Question 11

What are endocrine-disrupting chemicals?

Answer 11

Chemicals that act as agonists in the endocrine system, an disrupt its natural flow

Question 12

What is the “fetal origin” theory?

Answer 12

It suggests that the gestation period is significantly impactful on the development of the child from infancy to adulthood

Question 13

What are obesogens?

Answer 13

Foreign chemicals that disrupt normal development and balance of lipid metabolism (endocrine system)

Question 14

What is “Catch-up growth theory”?

Answer 14

When a baby is born underweight, they go through a period of “catch-up growth” to make up for the weight they did not acquire during gestation.

Question 15

Which countries are participating in obesogen studies?

Answer 15

Norway, Amsterdam, Canada, USA, Sweden, Netherlands

Question 16

What are epigenetics?

Answer 16

Genes that are in the same genetic code, but give off an alteration in gene EXPRESSION
- Therefore two people can have the same genetic code, but look completely different

Question 17

What is the most important trait to survive as a child?

Answer 17

Attachment: attach to parents = ensured safety

Question 18

What are thrifty genes?

Answer 18

Enable people to efficiently collect and process food to deposit fat. (during food abundance, for survival during famines.)

Question 19

What is a chromosome?

Answer 19

Threadlike structure composed of DNA

Question 20

What is DNA?

Answer 20

complex structure of genetic information

Question 21

What does meiosis result in?

Answer 21

4 new sex cells, gametes (sperm or egg)

Question 22

What is a zygote?

Answer 22

sperm + egg = zygote

Question 23

When is the germinal period? And what is are the three stages created during this period?

Answer 23

first 2 weeks after conception

1. zygote
2. blastocyst
3. trophoblast

Question 24

What is a blastocyst?

Answer 24

Inner layer of cells develop and later become the EMBRYO

Question 25

What is a trophoblast?

Answer 25

Outer layer develops and later becomes nutrition for the embryo

Question 26

When is the embryonic period?

Answer 26

2-8 weeks

Question 27

What appears during embryonic period?

Answer 27

The organs

Question 28

What are the layers of the embryo? (outer to inner)

Answer 28

- ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm

Question 29

T or F? The mom and baby's blood come in contact with each other.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

What does the umbilical cord consist of?

Answer 30

2 arteries | 1 vein

Question 31

When is the fetal period?

Answer 31

8 week - birth

Question 32

What develops out of the ectoderm?

Answer 32

Their neural tube

Question 33

What is the result of the failure to close the neural tube development?

Answer 33

Spina bifida

Question 34

What are teratogens?

Answer 34

a factor that causes malformation of an embryo

Question 35

When is there greatest sensitivity to teratogens?

Answer 35

embryonic period

Question 36

When is organogenesis?

Answer 36

during the first 2 months, then they just mature

Question 37

What is Barker's Developmental Origins of Disease hypothesis?

Answer 37

That the uterine environment plays a critical role in a child's development later on in life

Question 38

What can we do about the "intergenerational cycle of obesity"?

Answer 38

Healthy nutrition, exercise and information

Question 39

Can drugs prescription drugs or recreational drugs affect the fetus?

Answer 39

Yes.

Question 40

What are some examples of teratogens?

Answer 40

Drugs, maternal diseases, environmental hazards (radiation, toxic waste)

Question 41

What is anoxia?

Answer 41

After the baby is born, it is faced with insufficient levels of oxygen (could cause brain damage)

Question 42

At what point to the baby's lungs actually fill with air?

Answer 42

Once the umbilical cord is cut.

Question 43

Does the birthing process bring stress to the baby or the mother?

Answer 43

Both the baby and the mother are under considerable amounts of stress

Question 44

What percentage of births take place in a hospital?

Answer 44

99%

Question 45

What are the three methods of delivery?

Answer 45

- medicated (epidural, analgesia) - natural - caeserean

Question 46

What point are babies "preterm"?

Answer 46

3 weeks before full term

Question 47

What is kangaroo care?

Answer 47

skin-to-skin contact with the baby

Question 48

What are the good apgar scale scores and the emergency apgar scale scores?

Answer 48

``` good = 7-10 emergency = 3 ```

Question 49

What are the apgar scale components?

Answer 49

- respiratory effort - colour - heart rate - muscle tone - reflex irritability

Question 50

What is cephalocaudal development? | - example

Answer 50

top to bottom growth | - head grows big first

Question 51

What is proximodistal development?

Answer 51

centre to extremities | - organs develop before fingers

Question 52

What is shaken baby syndrome?

Answer 52

Shaking the baby causes the brain to shake and cause damage.

Question 53

Damage to the BACK of the brain causes what?

Answer 53

Vision problems, problems to the occipital lobe

Question 54

Damage to the FRONT of the brain causes what?

Answer 54

Behavioural and developmental problems to the frontal lobe

Question 55

What do they mean by the brain "pruning" neurons?

Answer 55

Use it or lose it. - If the neuron is not being used it is killed away - if neuron is being used it is strengthened

Question 56

What is lateralization?

Answer 56

both sides of the brain have their own functions (independent) but work together

Question 57

Babies spend most of their time in _____ sleep.

Answer 57

REM

Question 58

What are the 2 major nutrients needed for infants?

Answer 58

- vitamin D | - iron

Question 59

What is marasmus?

Answer 59

consequence of malnutrition, often due to early weaning of breast milk (essential proteins)

Question 60

what is Kwashiorkor?

Answer 60

Severe protein deficiency causes abdomen to swell

Question 61

What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?

Answer 61

fine: small movements - holding a spoon gross: big movements - sitting, rolling over, uses large muscles

Question 62

How do infants retain information?

Answer 62

from being CONDITIONED

Question 63

What is important about language development?

Answer 63

There is a certain window that is crucial fro the development of detailed language

Question 64

Broca's area vs. Wernicke's area?

Answer 64

``` Broca's = producing words Wernicke's = understanding words ```