Test 1

Question 1

What is the importance of “if it bleeds, it leads?”

Answer 1

This is stating that media only cares about showing juicy stories, so it frames the public into thinking that there is more crime than there actually is.

Question 2

What is infotainment and what is the importance of it?

Answer 2

It gives the idea that how the show is, is how the real world is, even though the show is fictional. Ex: Law and Order. This creates the CSI effect, and makes the public ignorant to the real world

Question 3

What is advocacy journalism?

Answer 3

Non-objective/non-neutral writing that has bias towards one side or the other. Ex: Abortion and the death penalty. You have to create your own view when reading it

Question 4

What are misconceptions to crime portrayed in the media?

Answer 4

Because the media reports the problem, blows it out of proportion, and the problems are typified, it makes us link stories to other social issues, thus making policies and laws due to the problem.

Question 5

What are frames and narratives when talking about media?

Answer 5

Frames are a process of labeling and understanding an issue, and narratives are the images of said issue

Question 6

What are mischaracterizations of police, corrections, and courts?

Answer 6

That police are badass crime fighters OR violators of due process; adversal nature of court is a myth; sentencing misconceptions; and corrections do not protect public, amenities of prisoners, corruption, and misconduct.

Question 7

What are the moral panics surrounding the criminal justice system from the public?

Answer 7

Fear of crime, police brutality, prison violence and escaped prisoners, professional athletes and domestic violence, and terrorism.

Question 8

What is the definition of crime?

Answer 8

When there is a violation of law (even if police are not involved)

Question 9

What are our views of crime shaped by?

Answer 9

Our personal experiences, media, politics, and fear

Question 10

Every society has crime, but the severity differs from place to place and over time. True or False.

Answer 10

True. Durkheim wrote in 1895 that crime is normal in every society

Question 11

What does it mean to commit a misdemeanor?

Answer 11

A “simple” offense that put you in jail for one year or less. Misdemeanors can become felonies with certain aspects.

Question 12

What does it mean to commit a felony?

Answer 12

More serious crimes that put you in jail for more than a year

Question 13

What is the difference between jail and prison?

Answer 13

Jail is temporary, but prison is permanent or long sentences

Question 14

What are status offenses?

Answer 14

Juvenile offenses that deal with behavior that is illegal for their age. Ex: curfew, runway, alcohol, etc.

Question 15

Laws change over time and reflect social values. True or False.

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

What is a victimless crime?

Answer 16

Crimes that are considered to not have a victim. Ex: drugs, prostitution, gambling

Question 17

What is the difference between fairness and accuracy?

Answer 17

Fairness is a balance between apprehending suspects and citizens interest in avoiding unwanted government intrusion (probable cause). Accuracy is having confidence in outcomes of processes

Question 18

What are citizens legal protections guaranteed through?

Answer 18

The Bill of Rights.

Question 19

What is the crime control model?

Answer 19

Idea that the process should move quickly through the system in order to suppress more crime

Question 20

What is the due process model?

Answer 20

Idea that individuals rights must be protected; prove without unreasonable doubt that suspect is guilty; have fairness, accuracy, and reliability in the system.

Question 21

Which model of crime is more commonly used in our criminal justice system?

Answer 21

Due process model

Question 22

What does our criminal justice system include?

Answer 22

Police, Courts, Corrections

Question 23

What is the role of the police?

Answer 23

To protect people and their rights; apprehend criminals and prevent crime; provide social services

Question 24

What is the role of the courts?

Answer 24

Discuss and determine if criminal is guilty or not.

Question 25

What are the different types of jurisdictions courts may have?

Answer 25

Limited (for juveniles), general (trial courts), and appellate (reviews issues raised in lower courts)

Question 26

What is the role of corrections?

Answer 26

To observe criminals to protect the community from them

Question 27

What are the different sections of corrections?

Answer 27

Jails/prisons, community corrections, halfway homes, work release centers, and treatment facilities

Question 28

What does the "wedding cake" of criminal justice represent?

Answer 28

The filter and funnel of CJ; the bottom layer is the biggest, with misdemeanors, the second layer are less serious felonies, the third layer are more serious felonies, and the smallest layer on the top are celebrated cases (cases that get public attention)

Question 29

What is omission?

Answer 29

The failure to do something that you have the civil right or duty to do

Question 30

What is the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita?

Answer 30

Mala in se are inherently evil acts; mala prohibita are acts that are not inherently evil, but still undesirable

Question 31

The prosecutor can always add charges, but cannot drop charges. True or False

Answer 31

False. Prosecutors can only drop charges, not add new ones. This is why many prosecutors charge the highest charge, then begin to drop charges if the evidence permits.

Question 32

What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

Answer 32

Annual report published by FBI that collects data based off of crimes reported (hierarchical method)

Question 33

What is a victimization survey?

Answer 33

Survey reported annually about the victims of crime based off of reported crimes.

Question 34

What are self-reports?

Answer 34

Reports typically given in school to see what crimes students have committed. Anonymous and voluntary

Question 35

What is the NIBRS?

Answer 35

Extension of UCR; compares the relationships of victims and perpetrators

Question 36

What is the classical school theory?

Answer 36

Beccaria came up with the idea that people achieve pleasure while minimizing pain and that the behavior should be punished, not the offender. States that it is a conscious decision to commit a crime and that punishments should deter others.

Question 37

What is the positivist school theory?

Answer 37

Idea that there are biological, sociological, and psychological issues that explain why offenders commit crimes. Bio- Atavism Socio- Differential association, blocked opportunity, labeling theory, and social bond Psych- Freudian theory and cognitive theory

Question 38

What is atavism?

Answer 38

Lombroso looked at skull size, body size, chromosomal abnormalities, chemical imbalances, and brain injuries to determine that criminals were born.

Question 39

What is the differential association theory?

Answer 39

Idea that we react because of what we've learned and our environment (monkey see, monkey do)

Question 40

What is the blocked opportunity theory?

Answer 40

The idea that we have illegitimate means to achieve accepted goals

Question 41

What is the labeling theory?

Answer 41

The idea that symbols matter to us and shape how we think, feel, and act

Question 42

What is the social bond theory?

Answer 42

The idea that when we are attached to our family and adults, as well as being committed to do the right thing, that we will have a good life if we do the right thing

Question 43

What is the freudian theory?

Answer 43

The idea that we act with our id, ego, and superego. Id: source of needs and wants; instincts; pleasure principle Ego: mediator between id and real world Superego: source of morals; prevents certain actions

Question 44

What is the cognitive theory?

Answer 44

THe idea that behavior is a result of habits of thought and interpretation

Question 45

What is the difference between civil and criminal law?

Answer 45

Civil law are private parties, personal injury, compensation, etc. Criminal law are substantive (defines prohibited behavior) and procedural (rules of adjudication and criminal procedure)

Question 46

Where do we get criminal law from?

Answer 46

Constitutions, statutes, court decision, and administrative regulations

Question 47

What is the difference between the consensus view of crime and the conflict view of crime?

Answer 47

``` The consensus view of crime states that law defines crime and reflects public opinion and laws apply equally to all citizens; there is an agreement to what crime is. The conflict view of crime states that law is a tool of the ruling class and law is used to control underclass; crime is a politically defined idea ```

Question 48

What is the Code of Hammurabi?

Answer 48

The first written code of law, written in 2000 BCE; says punishment is based on retribution (an eye for an eye)

Question 49

What is the Mosaic Code?

Answer 49

The foundation for Judeo-Christian moral teachings, as well as for the US legal system

Question 50

What is the common law?

Answer 50

Early English judges would post their court decisions; following judges would use those decisions to shape their own decisions if the case was similar

Question 51

What is due process?

Answer 51

The legal protection of individuals rights, given to us in the fifth and fourteenth amendments.

Question 52

What are the differences between mens rea, actus reus, and attendant circumstances?

Answer 52

Mens rea: guilty mind/conscious decision Actus reus: furtherance of a crime Attendant circumstances: link between both; harm follows illegal act

Question 53

What is the different possessions?

Answer 53

Actual: the person is holding or doing the illegal thing Constructive: the person is next to or around person who is holding or doing the illegal thing

Question 54

What are the characteristics of a criminal act?

Answer 54

Acts that incur criminal responsibility; sufficiency of evidence; possession; status; acts must be voluntary/conscious; omission

Question 55

What is the reasonableness standard?

Answer 55

Determination if people are responsible for behavior if they understand the consequences

Question 56

What is intention?

Answer 56

Committing the crime knowingly and purposively; aware that the act would cause a result

Question 57

What are some criminal defenses?

Answer 57

Insanity defense, force, duress, necessity, mistake of the fact, ignorance of law, or entrapment

Question 58

What did the fourth amendment grant?

Answer 58

No search and seizure without probable cause

Question 59

What did the fifth amendment grant?

Answer 59

Right to not self incriminate

Question 60

What did the eighth amendment grant?

Answer 60

Cruel and unusual punishment is not allowed

Question 61

What did the fifth and fourteenth amendment grant?

Answer 61

Right to due process

Question 62

What is probable cause?

Answer 62

A reasonable link between person and a crime; judge must agree and grant warrant for arrest or search and seizure

Question 63

What is the process of courts?

Answer 63

- Arrest, summons, and booking - Arraignment (bail is determined, courts hold money to ensure appearance back, or return on own recognizance) - Probable cause hearing for serious matters (grand jury) - Indictment or true bill issues if majority of grand jury believes probable cause - Arraignment - Plea: guilty, not guilty, nolo contendere, or no plea

Question 64

What is nolo contendere?

Answer 64

"no contest," or saying you understand the evidence against you but still deny the crime

Question 65

What does the court do if you refuse to make a plea?

Answer 65

Assume you are not guilty because the courts cannot assume guilt without unreasonable doubt

Question 66

What is the difference between a bench trial and a jury trial?

Answer 66

Bench trial is when the judge is the only one who is hearing and deciding on the case. Jury trial has a group of peers who decide on the case.

Question 67

What is a mistrial?

Answer 67

When there is an error in the law or procedure; calls for a retrial

Question 68

What is the standard for arrests?

Answer 68

Probable cause

Question 69

What is the standard for sentencing?

Answer 69

Beyond unreasonable doubt

Question 70

What are the aspects of sentencing?

Answer 70

- bifurcated process in VA - adults: pre-sentencing report (a report about your life to make a case) - probation, incarceration, parole - appeals (based on error of law or procedure)

Question 71

Who is Sir Robert Peel and what did he do?

Answer 71

"father" of modern police; wanted to improve the structure of law and prevent crime; persuaded the Parliament to create London Metropolitan Police in 1829

Question 72

What was the English Heritage that influenced the common day law enforcement?

Answer 72

Limited police authority and value of individual rights; local control of police; decentralized/fragmented system

Question 73

When and where was the first full time police force?

Answer 73

New York City in 1845; first to pay officers and wear uniforms; paramilitary structure

Question 74

Who is August Vollmer?

Answer 74

Chief in Berkeley, CA who believed professionalism was key to successful law enforcement; did IQ and personality tests; improved technology and equipment

Question 75

What are the different levels of law enforcement?

Answer 75

Local, state, federal, cooperative, multijurisdictional, transnational (interpol)

Question 76

What is community policing?

Answer 76

Reduced minor crimes could lead to decreased amount of serious crimes

Question 77

What are the characteristics of community policing?

Answer 77

Fear of crime, order maintenance, resolve conflict, minimizes neighborhood decay, social and physical disorder

Question 78

What are the elements of community policing?

Answer 78

Community partnerships (police are co-producers, they require the help of community), organizational changes, and problem solving

Question 79

What are community partnerships? Why are they important?

Answer 79

They are collaborative relationships with police and the community, that stress a greater interaction with the police and the public.

Question 80

What are the organizational changes with community policing?

Answer 80

Decentralized and fewer levels of management/less specialization; organizational culture: change from crime fighters to problem solvers; management: assist officers with developing contacts, acquiring resources, and training

Question 81

How do police "problem solve?"

Answer 81

Police and community engage in efforts to solve issues.

Question 82

What is the key to problem solving?

Answer 82

Neighbors will identify underlying problems and then involve the police to solve the issue

Question 83

What are some attitudes towards the police?

Answer 83

Represent broader set of attitudes towards the society; police represent coercive power of the state; if people feel safe, they have a more favorable attitude; if people have higher education/more wealthy, have a more favorable attitude, if they are victims, less favorable attitude, and if there is force/shootings used, very dissatisfied attitude

Question 84

What are the functions of patrol?

Answer 84

To deter crime and eliminate the opportunity to commit crimes, enhance feelings of public safety, and make officers available for service

Question 85

What is the backbone of policing?

Answer 85

They are visible symbols to the public, decision makers, and the "real" policy makers (street level bureaucrats); patrol officers deliver the bulk of services.