Test #1

Question 1

What is hypoxemia?

Answer 1

Insufficient oxygen transferred to the blood.
Low oxygen

“Oxygenation failure”

Question 2

What is hypercapnia?

Answer 2

Inadequate CO2 removal
High CO2

“Ventilary failure”

Question 3

Adequate PaO2

Answer 3

80-100

Question 4

What is acute respiratory failure?

Answer 4

Sudden, life threatening deterioration of the gas exchange function of the lung

Question 5

Adequate PaCO2

Answer 5

35-45

Question 6

Adequate pH

Answer 6

7.35-7.45

Question 7

Low respirations results in what?

Answer 7

Hypercapnia

Question 8

Low CO2 =

Answer 8

High O2

Question 9

Low O2 =

Answer 9

High CO2

Question 10

Percentage of room air

Answer 10

21%

Question 11

1 Liter of O2 =

Answer 11

3-4%

Question 12

Increased retention of CO2 =

Answer 12

Low pH

Question 13

What is ventilation?

Answer 13

Breathing (lung and heart)

Question 14

What is perfusion?

Answer 14

Blood flow (gas exchange)

Question 15

What is atelectasis?

Answer 15

alveolar collapse (train station collapse)

Question 16

Name the 2 types of shunting

Answer 16

Anatomic shunt

Intrapulmonary shunt

Question 17

What is shunting?

Answer 17

When blood exits the heart without gas exchange

Question 18

What is I : E?

Answer 18

Inhale : Exhale

1 : 2

Question 19

What does the phrenic nerve do?

Answer 19

tells the diaphragm to breathe

Question 20

How do you get lactic acidosis?

Answer 20

from working out

Question 21

Cardiac output =

Answer 21

Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)

Question 22

CBC

Answer 22

WBC
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Platelets

Question 23

Patient has O2 sat of 82%, what would you do first?

Answer 23

Sit patient up!!

Question 24

Is there better gas exchange in the apex or base of lungs?

Answer 24

Base

Question 25

Diffusion limitation

Answer 25

Thickened membranes (scar tissue) prevent gas exchange

Question 26

Examples of diffusion limitation

Answer 26

Severe emphysema Pulmonary fibrosis ARDS

Question 27

What is anatomic shunt?

Answer 27

Blood passes through defect in heart bypassing lungs

Question 28

What is intrapulmonary shunt?

Answer 28

Happens inside the lungs, but does not participate in gas exchange

Question 29

3 diseases related to the thoracic cavity that cause hypercapnic respiratory failure

Answer 29

Asthma COPD Cystic fibrosis

Question 30

4 categories of diseases that may cause limited ventilatory supply

Answer 30

- Airway & alveoli abnormalities - CNS abnormalities - Chest wall abnormalities - Neuromuscular conditions

Question 31

What is ventilatory supply?

Answer 31

gas flow in and out of the lungs

Question 32

What is ventilatory demand?

Answer 32

the amount of ventilation needed to keep the PaCO2 within normal limits.

Question 33

Early signs of respiratory failure

Answer 33

Restlessness, confusion Tachycardia Tachypnea Mild hypertension

Question 34

Adequate MAP

Answer 34

Less than or equal to 65

Question 35

Best prevention of respiratory failure

Answer 35

Early recognition of respiratory distress

Question 36

___ in the brain is a vasodilator

Answer 36

CO2

Question 37

Clinical manifestations of respiratory failure (3)

Answer 37

Metabolic acidosis & cell death Decreased cardiac output Impaired renal function (low B/P)

Question 38

No blood flow to kidney =MAP of ?

Answer 38

greater than 60

Question 39

Diagnostics for respiratory failure

Answer 39

``` Health history Physical assessment **Chest X-ray ECG/EKG (lack of O2, electrolytes, possible MI) CBC, electrolytes Urinalysis Sputum/blood cultures V/Q lung scan (RARE) Pulmonary artery catheter (Severe cases) ```

Question 40

What should the lungs look like on a normal chest xray?

Answer 40

Black-filled with air

Question 41

What does it mean if the lungs are white on a chest xray?

Answer 41

the lungs are filled with fluid

Question 42

What can O2 toxicity cause?

Answer 42

Atelectasis

Question 43

Ways to mobilize secretions

Answer 43

- Hydration and humidification - Chest physiotherapy - Airway suctioning - Effective coughing and breathing

Question 44

What is PPV?

Answer 44

Positive-Pressure Ventilation (intubation)

Question 45

Noninvasive PPV

Answer 45

Bi-Pap-inhalation & exhalation CPAP-continuous positive airway pressure (inhalation)