Test 1 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Why isn’t introspection sufficient? Reason 1
A
- Vision is effortless
- Memory is a slightly blurred replica of of the past
- Humans think logically owing to language and consciousness
2
Q
Titchener’s instrospection
A
Use the first word that comes to mind
3
Q
Potter: vision is efficient
Simons: vision is coarse
A
Both were right
Potter: RSVP results replicate, gist comprehension is fast
Simons: change blindness replicable, visual details are hard to retain
4
Q
Gist vs detail
A
to humans: comprehending first is easier than remembering visual details
to computers: perhaps the opposite is terue
5
Q
Why isn’t introspection sufficient? Reason 2
A
- disagreements between different individuals, regarding different aspects of mental capacity: visual perception of gist vs. detail
- many though processes occur outside of conscious awareness: neglect patients
- conscious introspection can be misleading: split brain patient
6
Q
Visual Neglect
A
neglects left side of space
- copy right half of a figure
- eat the right side of her plate
7
Q
Split brain patient
A
Left side controls speech
- Severing the connection between the two hemisphere can relieve severe epilepsy in some patients
- Right demands go to the left hemisphere: patients can answer why they stood up
- Left demands go to the right hemisphere: patient have no access to answer why
8
Q
The Garcia Effect
A
Unique solutions are reached only by adding assumptions
- Assumptions are often but not always, correct
- Rats solved this problem by adding assumptions about how the world works
- Stomach illness: taste, not environment
- Physical pain: environment, not taste
9
Q
Deduction
A
Begins with a general statement and tries to figure out specific claims that follow from it
- all gorillas are apes - all apes are mammals - all gorillas are mammals
10
Q
T or F: deduction is syntactic
A
True
11
Q
Inductions
A
Begins with specific facts or observation s and then draws general conclusion from them
- 99 swans have been observed and all of them are white
- All swans are white - false there are black swans
12
Q
T or F: induction is syntactic
A
True
13
Q
What are the 3 assumptions to children’s word learning?
A
- Taxonomic assumption
- Mutual exclusivity assumption
- Whole object assumption
14
Q
Taxonomic assumption
A
Children will extend a new label to something of the same kind rather than to something which is thematically related to the know object
- Same “kind” of object, not same “theme”
15
Q
Mutual Exclusivity Assumption
A
Word names are mutually exclusive
- Show the child an apple and an unknown apple
- Experimenter would ask hand me the “mafer”
- The children would hand the experimenter the unknown object
16
Q
Whole Object Assumption
A
A novel label is associated with an entire object rather than a part of that object
17
Q
Fodor’s criteria for modules
A
- Domain specificity
- Innately specified
- Hardwire
- informational encapsulation
- mandatory
18
Q
Domain Specificity (Fodor’s criteria)
A
a module only processes a certain kind of information - frog's bug detector
19
Q
Innately Specified (Fodor’s criteria)
A
Genetically determined, not learned
20
Q
Hardwired (Fodor’s criteria)
A
Part of the brain is specially designed for this function
21
Q
Informational Encapculation (Fodor’s criteria)
A
Only receives input form certain other modules
- knowledge cannot overcome visual illusions
22
Q
Mandatory (Fodor’s criteria)
A
works automatically
- e.g. word meaning is processed automatically
- say the color of the word instead of the name of the color
23
Q
What are the characteristics for Fodor’s criteria
A
- Fast and efficient
- Automatic
- Critical for survival
24
Q
What is the consequence of attending to some stimuli and ignoring others?
A
Attention can change psychological experience even though stimuli remain the same
25
Neissier 1979
Videotaped 2 groups of people (in white and black shirts) playing basketball
26
Inattentional blindness
suggests that unless we pay close attention, we can miss even the most conspicuous events.
27
Dichotic listening
Used to investigate selective attention within the auditory system
- selective listening is easy
28
what was noticed during dichotic listening
sound is presented; gender of the speaker; speech changed to tones
29
what was failed to notice during dichotic listening?
English to German; English speech presented backwards; same word list repeated 35 times
30
T of F paying attention is a matter of sight and blindness
true
31
Haines 1991 (Attention and perception)
- Projected flight console info on the cockpit windshield
| - 50% of pilots tried to land the plane when the runway was obstructed by another plane
32
T or F: attention gates conscious memory
True
33
Rock & Gutman 1981 (attention and memory)
Make aesthetic judgment on red shape
- Surprise memory test
~ Can sort attended shapes from new or__
~Cannot distinguish unattended shape from new ones
34
T or F: attention modulates brain activity
True
35
Wojciulike et al. 1998 (attention and brain activity)
In different blocks , attend to faces (F), houses (H), or the color of the cross (C)
- Task: same or different?
- There is a higher activity when faces are attended
36
Own name effect
subject's own name is sometimes noticed though unattended
- heard their name through the unattended ear
- not reliable if subjects were on the lookout for new instructions, 80% noticed "you may stop now"
37
T or F: in late selection it is often possible to show that some semantic processing of ignored stimuli still occurs
true
38
Early selection model
Attention filters out on the basis of physical features
- When people focus on certain stimuli and ignore others, they generally notice only relatively gross physical properties of the ignored stimuli
39
late selection model
Attention filters only after meaning is analyzed
| - It is often possible to show that some semantic processing of ignored stimuli still occurs
40
evidence for early vs late selection models
- attention modulates explicit perception, memory, and brain activity
- Unattended stimuli can produce indirect effect on behavior
41
evidence against early vs late selection models
- unattended stimuli can produce indirect effect on behavior
| - Not always, not fully
42
perceptual load theory
Increasing the difficulty of the primary task on attended stimuli will reduce the processing of ignored stimuli, leading to early filtering
- Increasing the demand of the attended task may eliminate the effect
43
Posner Cueing Paradigm
Attention can be allocated to spatial locations independent of eye movements
44
Peripheral cueing
- Task: press a key when a dot appears in one of the boxes
- Valid cue: when a light is shown in the box the dot is in
- Invalid cue: when the dot appears in the opposite box
45
what are the two orienting mechanisms
exogenous (reflexive)
| endogenous (voluntary)
46
Exogenous
(reflexive)
- Engaged by peripheral cues
- Fast (~100 ms)
- Occurs even with uninformative cues
47
Endogenous
(voluntary)
- Engaged by central cues (e.g., words)
- Slower (~ 300 ms)
- Occurs only with informative cues
48
object based attention
sometimes attention appears to select an entire object, rather than a specific region of space
- Attentional shifting is affected by object structure (e.g., spreading of attention along an object)
- Dividing attention between two properties is easier when they belong to the same object than different objects
- Comparison between two properties is easier when they belong to the same object
49
What is the behavior evidence of object based attention
- Attention spreads along an object
| - It's easier to split attention among multiple properties of the same rather than different objects
50
What is the neuropsychological evidence of object based attention
Neglect patients
- Neuropsychological evidence
Neglect patients neglects to left side of each object
51
Cohesion (infants know)
things that move together are parts of the same object
52
Habitation technique (infants know)
Infants first shown (left) picture repeatedly; they get bored and look away. Then test them with new stimuli to see if they continue to be bored (look away) or become interested (look more)
53
Solidity (infants know)
Solid objects cannot pass through each other
54
Permanence (infants know)
Hidden objects cannot continue to exist
55
Continuity (infants know)
An object cannot move from one point to another without passing through the points between
56
T or F: Attention is usually allocated to a cohesive object
true; Normal adults: attention spreads along an object; multiple features of the same object are easily attended together
57
Feature integration theory
theory that explains how an individual combines pieces of observable information about an object in order to form a complete perception of the object.
58
what are the two types of search
feature and conjunction
59
Feature search
Looking for an odd man out
- efficient
- Feature search is easy
- Fast it doesn’t take much time
- parallel
- Preattentive
60
Conjunction search
Looking for a combination of features (e.g., T among Ls)
- inefficient
- Conjunction search is hard
- Slower
- sequential
- Attentive
61
what are the two types of maps in feature integration theory
Feature map; master map of locations
62
Feature maps
Contain info about the presence of a feature anywhere in the field; activity tells us what is out there
- Have no info about where it is located and what other features the object has
63
Master map of location
Contains info about where feature are
| - Has no info about which features are located where
64
Search asymmetry
the similarity between A and B is the same between B and A
- Hypothesis: simple features are detected because they produce unique activation on a feature map
- Prediction: the absence of a feature should be harder to detect than the presence of a feature
65
Illusory conjunction
psychological effects in which participants combine features of two objects into one object
66
rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
Search for a pre-specified target is easy -> visual perception is fast
- Recognizing a target AFTER the series has been presented is difficult -> visual memory is limited
67
Repetition blindness
Failure to detect repetitions of visual stimuli in lists presented in RSVP
- Occurs even when words differ in case or locations
68
attentional blink
When one target is detected, people often fail to detect a second (different) target within the second 200-500ms
69
Spelke et al. (practice and multitasking)
Reading short stories for comprehension while taking down dictation
- 5 hours/week for 6 months
- Initially: lots of interference
- in the end: interference much reduced (no reduction in speed) but not eliminated (more errors during dual-task than single tasks)
70
T or F: Effectiveness of multitasking depends on competition for resources that are
- Task-specific
- Task-general, including the response selector
true
71
T or F: task switching is not costly
false
72
how is task switching related to the frontal lobe
Patients with frontal lobe damage have difficulty switching tasks
73
Duncan's task
In normal subjects, IQ is correlated with the number of failures in switching based on instructions
- Patients with prefrontal damage perform poorly on this task
- Goal neglect
74
multiple demand system
A set of frontoparietal region involved in attention, task control, fluid intelligence
75
Attention training
Attention is limited, but can it be improved with training?
- Empirical data are inconsistent
- Training enhances performance in the task that people are trained on, but transfer to other untrained tasks is inconsistent
76
Anterograde amnesia
difficulty in learning new information
77
retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember events that happen before the brain damage occurred
78
Korsakoff's syndrome
chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1)
79
Confabulation
Reports memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive
80
what is a possible reason to become amnesic
1. Damage to medial temporal lobe
2. ECT
3. Chronic alcoholism
4. Concussion, etc.
81
T or F: medial temporal lobe is not the locations of long-term memories; nor is it necessary for the retrieval of long-term memories
true
82
T or F: medial temporal lobe is NOT the location of immediate (short-term) memories
True
83
T or F: medial temporal lobe is involved in converting immediate (short-term) memories into long-term memories
True
84
Digit Span
7 plus or minus 2
85
Chunk
group of items that have a meaning
86
T or F: Verbal long-term memory has no known capacity limit
true
87
____ short-term memory is used everyday & it has limited capacity
visual
88
Primary effects
is due to greater rehearsal of items in the long term memory
| - better recall at the beginning
89
Recency effects
is due to items still in short term memory
| - better recall at the end
90
____ term memory is unlimited
long
91
_____ term memory is limited
short
92
Bilateral hippocampal damage
Has emotional reaction: skin conductance
93
bilateral amygdala damage
no emotional reaction
94
double dissociation
when two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other.
example: speech and language comprehension. Although both processes pertain to use of language, the brain structures that control them work independently.
95
declarative (explicit) memory
Explicitly available to conscious recollection as facts, events, specific, stimuli
96
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory
Instances of perceptual, stimulus-response, motor learning that we are not necessarily conscious of
97
episodic memory
Collections of perceptions of event organized in time and identified by a particular context
98
semantic memory
Facts, do not include info about the context in which the facts were learned.
99
Which memory is involves in the central executive phonological loop visco-spacial sketch pad
short term
