test 1

Question 1

What are statistics?

Answer 1

Statistics are mathematical tools used to organize, summarize, and analyze data

Question 2

What is the role of statistics in the research process?

Answer 2

We need statistics in order to analyze data sets

Question 3

What is the deductive approach?

Answer 3

Theory –> hypotheses –> observations –> empirical generalizations (to see if it proves the theory or disproves the theory)

Question 4

When do we use statistics in the deductive approach?

Answer 4

At the end of the observation stage

Question 5

Define population

Answer 5

It includes all cases in which the researcher is interested

Question 6

Define parameter

Answer 6

The characteristics of a population

Question 7

Define sample

Answer 7

It includes carefully chosen subsets of a population

Question 8

Define statistics

Answer 8

Characteristics of a sample

Question 9

Define data

Answer 9

Scores on variables, or information expressed as numbers (quantitatively)

Question 10

Define variables

Answer 10

Traits that can change values from case to case

Question 11

Define Cases

Answer 11

Entities from which data is gathered

Question 12

What are the two main statistical applications?

Answer 12

• Descriptive statistics

- Inferential statistics

Question 13

What is descriptive statistics

Answer 13

Used for data reduction - summarize many numbers with only one/a few numbers (percentages, averages, charts, and graphs)

Question 14

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 14

Used to generalize, or infer, from a sample to a population - using statistics to estimate the parameter of the entire population

Question 15

What are the four schemes used to classify variables?

Answer 15

• Role
• Sub-units
• Time
• Levels of measurements

Question 16

Which two variables are classified as role?

Answer 16

Independent or dependant variables

Question 17

Discrete or continuous variables are classified as what kind of variables?

Answer 17

Sub-units

Question 18

Invariant and variant are classified as what kind of variables?

Answer 18

Time

Question 19

Which variables are included in levels of measurements?

Answer 19

Nominal, ordinal and interval-ratio variables

Question 20

What is the theory about causal relationship?

Answer 20

In a causal relationship we are talking about the relationship between two variables, the cause and effect

Question 21

The cause would be the ________ variable

Answer 21

Independent

Question 22

The effect would be the ________ variable

Answer 22

Dependent

Question 23

What are time-invariant variables?

Answer 23

Variables which values are fixed over time

Question 24

What is an example of a time-invariant variable?

Answer 24

Place of birth or date of birth - Is the same overtime and shouldn’t change

Question 25

What is a time-variant variable?

Answer 25

Variable whose values can change over time

Question 26

What is an example of a time-variant variable?

Answer 26

Where you live, age, etc. - changes over time

Question 27

What are the levels of measurement from bottom to top?

Answer 27

NOIR (Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio)

Question 28

Define nominal data

Answer 28

Cannot be ranked. No implied meaning (gender)

Question 29

Define ordinal data

Answer 29

We can rank the categories. There is an implied ranking in these answers. We don't know the spacing between them (ranking your health)

Question 30

Define interval data

Answer 30

We know the difference between the categories and can rank them. There is no true zero (temperature)

Question 31

Define ratio data

Answer 31

These are variable that can be ranked, you know the difference, and zero is absolute (income)

Question 32

What are two questions to determine the level of measurement?

Answer 32

Question 1: Are the Response categories ordered? No --> nominal Yes --> question 2 Question 2: Are the equal distances between the response categories? No --> ordinal Yes --> interval-ratio