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BIOSCI 2223: Genetics > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define allele

A

different versions of the same gene

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2
Q

Define genotype

A

the combination of alleles at a gene or at any number of genes

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3
Q

Define phenotype

A

the expressed traits of the organism

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4
Q

Define DNA

A

the genetic material used for all living things

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5
Q

What were the three observations that formed the field of genetics?

A

Species of organisms, variation within species, trait values are inherited

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6
Q

Members of the same species have the _______ genes at _______ on the _____

A

same genes at the same location on the same chromosomes

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7
Q

What are the three factors that make up a mode of inheritance?

A

Number of genes, number of alleles (versions of genes), relationship between alleles

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8
Q

What makes up a phenotype?

A

genotype and environmental influences (strength varies)

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9
Q

Define Purebreeding

A

Always produce progeny with the same trait value when selfed

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10
Q

List the traits that made Pisum Sativum an excellent choice for the study of simple genetics

A

Variation of traits
Abundant progeny
Short life cycle
Easily controlled matings

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11
Q

What are the 7 traits of Pisum Sativum?

A

Seeds- Round or Wrinkled
Seeds- Green or Yellow

Pods- Inflated or Pinched
Pods- Green or Yellow

Petals- Purple or White

Flowers- Axial or Terminal

Stems- Long or Short

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12
Q

Describe the particle theory of inheritance

A

Mendel created to explain what he saw, went in contrast to the theory of “blending”.

Particles (genes) are inherited unchanged from each parent to offspring and every individual harbors two particles

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13
Q

What was Mendel’s First Law?

A

Alleles of a gene pair segregate into gametes

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14
Q

What was Mendel’s Second Law?

A

Alleles of a gene pair segregate into gametes independently of the alleles of a second gene pair

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15
Q

Homozygous Dominant and Homozygous Recessive cross

What is the F1?

A

F1 all dominant, hybrid

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16
Q

Homozygous Dominant and Homozygous Recessive cross

What is the F2?

A

F2 three to one ratio phenotype, 1:2:1 ratio genotype

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17
Q

How do you test cross?

A

Cross with homozygous recessive. Will get either all dominant, all recessive, or half and half

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18
Q

How do you find the fractional chance of getting a specific multiple trait genotype?

A

Multiply the odds of getting the first trait by the odds of getting the second trait

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19
Q

Results with Heterozygous - Heterozygous cross (one trait)

A

Phenotype: 3 to 1
Genotype: 1:2:1

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20
Q

Results with Heterozygous - Heterozygous cross (two traits)

A

Phenotype 9:3:3:1 (both:one:one:neither)

Genotype: 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

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21
Q

How do you find the genotype ratios of crosses with multiple traits?

A

Multiply chance of one specific genotype (Ex: homozygous round) by chance of another specific genotype (Ex: homzygous yellow). The three possibilities (homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive) should all be multiplied by each other. This will yield the fraction chance of getting each specific genotype

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22
Q

What is the equation for finding the amount of f1 gametes, f2 genotypes, and f2 phenotypes for varying numbers of genes?

A

n is the number of genes
For finding the number of F1 Gametes: 2^n
For finding the number of F2 Genotypes: 3^n
For finding the number of F2 Phenotypes: 2^n

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23
Q

What is Probability for this class?

A

The number of specific possible outcomes/number of total possible outcomes

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24
Q

What is the Sum Rule?

A

(Probability 1 + Probability 2) - Probability of both

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25
Q

When do you use the Sum Rule?

A

Finding the probability of either X or Y. Need to consider whether outcomes are mutually exclusive to determine whether or not to subtract

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26
Q

What is the Product rule?

A

Probability of 1st event * Probability of 2nd event…

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27
Q

When do you use the Product rule?

A

When the events are independent

28
Q

What is the equation for finding the probability of unordered events?

A

(N!/(S!*T!)) x (P)^S(Q)^T

29
Q

What do the variables mean in the equation for unordered events?

A

(N!/(S!*T!)) x (P)^S(Q)^T

N is the total # of outcomes
S is the # of outcome 1 desired
T is the # of outcome 2 desired 
S and T need to sum to N
P is the probability of outcome 1
Q is the probability of outcome 2
30
Q

Why would someone do a pedigree analysis?

A

Learn more about modes of inheritance or predict probability of future occurrences

31
Q

Define propositus

A

the person from whom a line of descent is traced

32
Q

Define cosanguineous

A

marriage/mating between relatives, indicated on a pedigree by a double line

33
Q

What are the indicators of a recessive trait in a pedigree?

A

can skip a generation, if two people who have the trait mate, ALL offspring will have the trait

34
Q

What are the indicators of a dominant trait in a pedigree?

A

will never skip a generation

*disease traits are rare, individuals are usually heterozygous

35
Q

Describe variable penetrance (pedigrees)

A

not all individuals with the genotype actually express the phenotype

36
Q

Describe variable expressivity (pedigrees)

A

individuals with the genotype express the phenotype to varying degrees

37
Q

What causes variable penetrance and variable expressivity?

A

when we discover only one of the genes that interact to control the trait

38
Q

Define centromere

A

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

39
Q

Define kinetochore

A

a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division

40
Q

What are the four stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

41
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

cell is metabolically active and continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA

42
Q

What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA replication

43
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

cell growth continues and proteins are synthesized in preparation for mitosis

44
Q

What occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle? (general)

A

mitosis

45
Q

What is karyokinesis?

A

Division of the nucleus

46
Q

What (2) occurs during prophase in mitois?

A

chromosomes condense

nuclear envelope disintegrates

47
Q

What (2) occurs during metaphase in mitosis?

A

spindle fibers (MTs) form from pole to pole and attach to kinetochores

kinetochores line up on equatorial/metaphase plane

48
Q

What (2) occurs during anaphase in mitosis?

A

kinetochores divide between chromatids

chromatids pulled to opposite poles

49
Q

What (2) occurs during telophase in mitosis?

A

nuclear envelope reconstructed

chromosomes decondense

50
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis in mitosis?

A

(division of the cytoplasm)

Varies with cell type
Can begin during telophase and end after
Can begin after karyokinesis is complete

51
Q

of daughter cells, type of daughter cells, chromosome number, cell division of ________

mitosis

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells, chromosome number maintained, cell division of growth and development

52
Q

of daughter cells, type of daughter cells, chromosome number, cell division of ________

meiosis

A

Four genetically non-identical daughter cells, chromosome number reduced by ½, cell division of gamete formation

53
Q

What (3) occurs during prophase I of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes condense

Nuclear envelope disintegrates

Homologous chromosomes synapse
Maternal+Paternal partners, each has 2 chromatids

54
Q

What (2) occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?

A

Spindle fibers from from pole to pole attached to kinetochores

Paired kinetochores straddle equatorial plane

55
Q

What (2) occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?

A

Kinetochores do not divide between poles

Homologs pulled to opposite sides

56
Q

What (2) occurs during telophase I of meiosis?

A

Nuclear envelope reconstructed

Chromosomes decondense

Same as in mitosis

57
Q

What has occurred after the first cytokinesis of meiosis?

A

Number of chromosomes has been reduced, each still has two chromatids

58
Q

Compare prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II of meiosis with those of mitosis

A

Identical to mitosis with half the chromosomes

59
Q

What are leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis?

A

subphases of prophase I which includes crossover and recombination

60
Q

Define haploid

A

only one copy of each chromosome

61
Q

Define diploid

A

two copies of each chromosome (1 mat, 1 pat)

62
Q

Restate Mendel’s 1st law with regards to chromosomes

A

members of a chromosome pair (homologs) segregate into gametes

63
Q

Restate Mendel’s 2nd law with regards to chromosomes

A

homologs of one chromosome pair segregate into gametes independently of homologs of a second chromosome pair

64
Q

How are genes in flies named?

A

Genes are named for the mutant phenotype and the gene symbol is abbreviated from that

65
Q

What is the wild-type gene in flies? How is it indicated?

A

The wild-type is the most common phenotype or allele and is indicated by a superscript +

66
Q

What is the mutant gene in flies?

A

The mutant is the alternate phenotype or allele

67
Q

How do you determine if a trait is dominant or recessive in flies by looking at the symbol for the mutant or wild-type allele?

A

Capitalization of mutant means dominant
Capitalization of wild-type means recessive

Same symbol for each, just with or without a +
Can look at either + or non + to determine dominant/recessive

BIOSCI 2223: Genetics (4 decks)

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