test 1 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
set of beliefs about what constitutes good conduct and good character
A
value
2
Q
where do you learn these basic values
A
at home
3
Q
a judgement of someone’s behavior according to wether or not it corresponds to certain moral rules
A
moral value
4
Q
refers to good or bad but has no moral value
A
nonmoral value
5
Q
breaking moral rules
A
immoral
6
Q
not having any moral standards
A
amoral
7
Q
refers to the moral rules we follow or the values that we have
A
morality
8
Q
theories about the rules
A
ethics
9
Q
when we reach a conclusion based on a rational decision we reach an
A
argument
10
Q
a conclusion based on a gathering of evidence but you can’t be certain its true
A
inductive argument
11
Q
100% accurate or true
A
deductive argument
12
Q
a sound argument which has a valid form
A
deductive argument
13
Q
why be moral?
A
- reason
- biological trait
- religion
- laws
14
Q
law reflects a test of universal standards
A
naturalism
15
Q
rules for everyone
A
code of ethics
16
Q
by this age a child should have developed a sense of values to have a conscious adult mind
A
7
17
Q
moral center of the brain
A
prefrontal cortex
18
Q
used to trick/deceive people
A
logical fallacies
19
Q
appeal to authority
A
no reason other than authority
20
Q
begging the question
A
trying to prove with nothing to back it up
21
Q
ad hominem
A
a person is correct/incorrect based on who they are
22
Q
generalization
A
hasty generalization/sterotype
23
Q
ad baculum
A
physical threat (bully)
24
Q
slippery slope
A
exaggeration
25
straw man
radical
26
bifurcating
creating a false dilemma
27
red herring
deflection a way of the truth
28
ad misericordia
bad excuses that appeals pity for the individual
29
- founded after WWII
- ratified human rights declaration
- world peace, harmony
general assembly of the united nations
30
certain principles are universally valuable such as respect for life and liberty
cosmopolitan perspective
31
certain principles are universally valuable such as respect for life and liberty
cosmopolitan perspective
32
developed tolerance and respect/ liberty in the 18, 17th centuries in Europe
enlightenment era
33
makes religious freedom, government cannot get in between people and their religious values
first amendment
34
morality and religion are
inseparable
35
ethics looks to
reason
36
certain actions ar right because that is what God wills for us
divine command theory
37
one approach that all religions have a common core
religious pluralism
38
do unto others as you would have them do to you
golden rule
39
argument that attempts to justify God that is all powerful and all knowing despite the problem of evil
theodicies
40
passed down from Adam to the rest of the world; God did provide us the free will to choose between good and evil
original sin
41
effort to coexist
secular ethics
42
spiritual concerns are replaced by worldly concerns
secularization
43
prayer out of school is an example
secularization
44
our judgements about ethics are relative or too dependent upon something else
relativism
45
no right no wrong values
moral nihilism
46
we cannot know wether there are any moral truths
moral skepticism
47
moral viewpoint is only valid for the person who holds it
moral subjectivism
48
4 approached to moral differences
moral nihilism
ethical relativism
soft universalism
hard universalism
49
no universal moral truths
ethical relativism
50
ethical and moral subjectivism
have moral values
51
few moral views
soft universalism
52
absolutism, is one universal code
hard universalism
53
3 key issues by ruth Benedict
- normality is culturally defined
- the concept of the normal is variant of the concept of good
- the majority any group conformed to the values of the group
54
James Rachel 3 universal values
rules against lying
rules against murder
care enough for infants so the group can continue
55
theory that people always act selfishly
| born selfish
psychological egosim
56
a person that thinks of themselves in terms of their advantage disregard the interest of others
egoist
57
a person who has a high opinion of themselves
egotist
58
all emotions of self love humans feel pity for others because they do fear the same thing would happen to them
Thomas hobbs
59
6 main arguments against ethical relativism
1. we can neither condemn or praise other cultures
2. majority rule
3. are we talking about a professed or actual morality
4. what is a majority
5. what is a culture?
6. can tolerance be a universal value
60
3 ways to refute
1. the flat earth arguement
2. problem of induction- we can never know for certain when we have accumulated enough material to make a theory
3. soft universalism- all cultures have something in common, we just accept it in different ways
61
3 reasons why psychological egoism is popular
appeals to honesty
appeals to modern day citizenism
serves as an excuse for not trying to something for others
62
3 shortcomings of psychological egoism
falsification is not possible
doing what we want is always selfish
a problem of language we do not invent words
63
suppressed correlative
we do not invent words
64
everyone must look out for themselves
ethical egoism
65
doing a good deed
altruism
66
psychosocial altruism
unselfish by nature
67
implies something is wrong with a person wanting to benefit their self
ideal altruism
68
showing that behavior is an instinctive way to promote the survival of our genes
selfish gene theory
69
single moral code- make life as bearable as possible for as many people as possible
utilitarianism (consequentialist)
70
pleasure is good, pain is bad, greatest happiness principle
principles of utility
71
thought all humans were hedonism pleasure thinking
Jeremy bentham
72
the harder you look for happiness the less likely you will find it
hedonistic paradox
73
things that bring you pleasure
intrinsic value
74
anything that helps us to achieve or avoid pain
instrumental value
75
where you calculate the utility of an action according to its ability to produce pleasure
hedonistic calculus
76
4 arguments against hedonistic calculus
it is biased in favor according to our choice of value
hard to place value for each consequence
humans don't always value rational argument
its merely impossible to breakdown values to numbers
77
its okay to test on animals because humans are major
| -only if few animals suffer and cause humans to benefit more
utilitarian view of animal testing
78
says test animals, they don't feel pain nor does it matter
Renee Descartes
79
reasons for John Stuart mills's breakdowns
overworked
lonely and depressed
was an intellectual in a feeling oriented age
80
mills believes __ pleasures and ___ pleasures are more valuable than physical pleasures
spiritual and intellectual
81
proposed some pleasures are more valuable than others
higher/lower pleasure
82
how did mills believe to determine lower/higher pleasure
to ask people who have experienced different pleasures
83
known for the harm principle
mills
84
only reason for interfering with other people if they are doing direct harm to others
harm principle
85
consequences of any single act is what counts
act utilitarianism
86
do whatever act that will create the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people
rule utilitarianism
87
for example, wondering whether one should eat grapefruit, wear socks of a specific shade of color, or part your hair on the left side of the head are all usually considered nonmoral issues. Yet there are circumstances where such actions could have moral consequences.
nonmoral value
88
telling a lie is an
immoral action
89
For example, a sociopath, sometimes called a person without a conscience, and a very young child are called "amoral" because such people have no feeling or understanding of the concepts of right and wrong.
amoral
