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Psychology 322 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Conditions necessary to show cause and effect

A

Covariation
Time-order
Control of extraneous variables

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2
Q

Mundane realism

A

degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world

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3
Q

Experimental realism

A

degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously

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4
Q

Experimenter expectancy effects

A

biased results inadvertently brought about by the expectations of an experimenter

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5
Q

Demand characteristics

A

cues that lead participants to believe that certain behaviors are expected of them

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6
Q

Why use deception?

A

To get spontaneous reactions

To enhance experimental realism

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7
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

primary responsibility is to protect participants (physically and psychologically)

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8
Q

Meta-analysis

A

More sophisticated than a narrative literature review

Find all studies bearing on an issue

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9
Q

Conformity

A

modifying thoughts and actions to bring them in line with the thoughts and actions of others
(doing what others do, perceiving as others perceive, thinking what others think)

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10
Q

Why do people conform?

A

Informational influence

Normative influence

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11
Q

Informational influence

A

influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgements

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12
Q

Normative influence

A

influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant

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13
Q

Social norms

A

Society’s implicit rules for appropriate behavior

Develop spontaneously but then are adhered to

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14
Q

Private conformity

A

change minds

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15
Q

Public conformity

A

superficial change, minds not actually changed

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16
Q

Gender differences in conformity

A

Early studies showed that females conformed more than males

  • Socialization: traditionally females are brought up to be more cooperative and less independent than are males
  • Confidence: people may conform less to an incorrect majority when they are confident in their opinion
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17
Q

Idiosyncrasy credits

A

minorities can build credibility by first conforming

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18
Q

Behavioral style (minority influence)

A

a minority maintains its position despite all attempts by the majority to change its view

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19
Q

Individualistic

A

highest values are independence, autonomy, and self-reliance

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20
Q

Collectivist

A

highest values are interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony
more conforming than those in individualistic cultures

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21
Q

Compliance

A

doing as others ask or accepting offers; changes in behavior elicited by direct requests
More explicit than conformity

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22
Q

Compliance due to guilt

A

because people comply to make up for misdeeds

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23
Q

Norm of reciprocity

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A

obligation to repay a kindness

24
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

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A

Get someone to agree to a small request to increase the likelihood that the person will later comply to a large request
Works because of self-perception (“I am the type of person who does this kind of thing”)

25
Door-in-the-face technique
Make an initial request that is so large that it is sure to be rejected (the door in the face) and then come back with a second, more reasonable request Works because of reciprocal concessions (the second request seems reasonable after the first large request) & perceptual contrast
26
Low-ball technique
make low cost request, get the person to commit to the requested action, raise the cost of the requested action Works because the person feels committed to the low-ball request
27
That’s-not-all technique
offer a product with a high price, before the customer is allowed to respond, lower the price or add a bonus product
28
Legitimizing small donations or getting more by asking for less
suggest (legitimize) a small contribution to elicit a donation
29
Obedience
behavior change produced by the commands of authority
30
Milgram’s study
to understand destructive obedience
31
Factors of obedience
1. authority 2. proximity of the victim 3. procedure - Participants led to feel relieved of personal responsibility - Gradual escalation in small increments - Participants found themselves in a novel situation, unimaginable, like no other they have been in before - Quickly paced
32
Social impact theory
theory that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of source persons relative to target persons
33
In groups people typically:
Interact over a period of time Have a “we” feeling (cohesiveness) Have roles Have common goals
34
Collectives
people just happen to be in the same place at the same time
35
Social Facilitation
enhanced performance brought about by “the sight and sound of others doing the same thing”
36
Co-acting
sufficient conditions for the energizing effects of the presence of others in social facilitation
37
Reformulation of social facilitation
Observed: presence of others tends to: Facilitate performance on SIMPLE tasks Impair performance on COMPLEX tasks
38
Social Loafing
“A decrease in individual effort due to the presence of other persons” (Latane) Coordination loss
39
Conditions in which social loafing is NOT likely to occur
- Individual performance is identifiable and can be compared and evaluated - Group performance can be compared and evaluated - The group task is challenging, personally involving, or potentially rewarding - Each group member has a unique and important role
40
Deindividuation
“individuals act as if they were submerged in the group” | Brings about a “reduction of inner restraints”
41
Deindividuation antecedents
group or crowd, anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, arousal
42
Deindividuation psychological state
characterized by: Reduced self-awareness Reduced self-regulation
43
Deindividuation consequent behaviors
impulsive, irrational, repressive, highly intense, not under stimulus control, counternormative
44
Nominal groups
aggregates of individual performances that are formed after data are collected -Matches number of individual problem solvers to the number of members in real groups
45
Why do real groups fail to outperform nominal groups?
Process loss- difficulty coordinating efforts
46
Process loss
difficulty coordinating efforts - Group members speaking at the same time cannot listen to one another - By waiting for others to speak, group members may forget their own ideas
47
Brainstorming
idea with goal to spark creative problem solving - brainstorming groups only about ½ as effective as the same number of individuals working alone - process loss
48
Does brainstorming ever lead to more productivity than the same number of individuals working alone?
Not in most circumstances One situation in which it may be effective (productive): electronic brainstorming -Perhaps because it is not as susceptible to process loss
49
Risky shift
group decisions were generally riskier (bolder) than individual decisions
50
Problems with Risky Shift
On some items groups were more cautious than individuals | Group shifts occur on items having nothing to do with risk
51
Group polarization
group decisions are typically in the same direction as, but are more extreme than, individual decisions Occurs because of: -Persuasive arguments: most arguments will be in the direction of the initial learning -Social comparison: want to be as good as or better than the average
52
Groupthink
ill-advised decision making; group members too readily reach a consensus Likely to occur in groups that: - Are cohesive - Have a direct leader - Are under stress- pressure to make a decision - Are homogeneous - Are insulated from outside influence - Lack a procedure for generating and appraising options
53
Social dilemmas
what seems good for the individual’s self-interest is bad for the common good
54
What contributes to motivation to compete in social dilemmas?
Fear: of being exploited Greed: desire to maximize individual outcomes
55
Negotiation
often do not lead to optimal results (integrative agreements) - See conflict as a fixed sum situation- any gain for one side is seen as a loss for the other side - Do not communicate well with the other side
56
Individualistic cultures
cultures emphasize direct communication, confrontation, and rationality
57
Collectivist cultures
emphasize indirect communication, avoidance of conflict and emotion

Psychology 322 (4 decks)

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