Test 1 Flashcards by Alejandra Barnes

Biogeography Def

relationship b/w landscape/natural patterns and processes that create/modify them

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Three Fundamental processes of interest

Dispersal, Extinction, Evolution

all linked

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Latitude

Angular measure from center of earth to surface

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3 main influences on latitudinal patterns

amount of sun that hits surface (atmosphere)
sphericity
axial tilt

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Incoming solar radiation

short wave

most @ equator

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Outgoing radiation

long wave energy (heat)

about equal everywhere

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Albedo def and value and general idea

surface reflection/ability to absorb - 30%

lose a lot of energy early on

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Subsolar point

rays perpendicular to surface - higher intensity

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why does energy decrease as latitude increases?

sphericity

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23.5 degrees N

Tropic of Cancer

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23.5 degrees S

Tropic of Capricorn

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Vernal Equinox

Spring
3/21

Sun @ equator

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Winter Solstice

Winter 12/21

Sun @ tropic of capricorn

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Autumnal Equinox

fall 9/21

Sun @ equator

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Summer Solstice

Summer 6/21

Sun @ Tropic of Cancer

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Above/Below 66.5 there are periods of time where

there is no sun

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Arctic Circle

66.5N

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Antarctic Circle

66.5S

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Is tilt totally stable?

No, but it is imperceptible

Cycle length 41,000 yrs

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Precession of the Equinoxes

Timing of when earth is near/far from sun

cycle length 28,000 yrs

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Aphelion

earth’s orbit farthest from sun

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Perihelion

earth’s orbit closest to the sun

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Orbital Eccentricity

Shape of Orbit

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What factors would contribute to earth’s mass cooling?

max tilt, aphelion/perihelion coincide w/ summer, shape of orbit more elliptical

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Factors that modify surface temp @ smaller scales than latitude

Elevation Continentality Clouds Ocean Currents

Why does higher elevation have lower temps?

w/ gravity fewer molecules -> fewer collisions -> lower temps

Why are temp conditions more extreme on land?

Land warms/cools rapidly compared to large bodies of water

Clouds affect on temp?

Reflective Energy & trap long wave outgoing --> lower daily temp and warmer night

Northern air curves...

right

Southern air curves...

left

ITCZ

Intertropical Convergence Zone

Draw earth's general circulation

do it ho

Low pressure creates what type of climate

wet

High pressure creates what type of climate

dry

Is atmosphere thicker or thinner @ equator?

Thicker

Subsidence

Sinking Air

What % energy is transferred to next trophic level?

10%

Autotroph

coverts solar energy

Vapor Pressure

pressure exerted by water vapor molecules in a given volume of air

Saturation Vapor Pressure

Max amount of water vapor

Relative Humidity

actual vapor pressure/saturation vapor pressure

Warm air holds __ water vapor

cold air holds __ water vapor

less

Lapse rate

rate @ which air warms/cools as it moves in atmosphere

Dry Lapse Rate

10 degrees/1000m - unsaturated air

Moist Lapse Rate

6 degrees / 1000m - saturated air

Evaporation ___ energy and is a ___ process

removes, cooling

Condensation ___ energy and is a ___ process

adds, warming

What are the 4 things that cause air to rise?

Convection, convergence, frontal lifting, orographic uplift

Convection

Ground heats ups air Dry landscapes, equator

Convergence

Void space where air rises and pushes air up faster

Frontal lifting

warm air forced up when hits cold front

orographic uplift

mountains push clouds up and cool so it rains and then dry air on other side

Bergmann's Rule

bigger farther away from equator

Allen's Rule

appendages smaller farther away from equator

Gloger's Rule

Color

Biomass

Weight of carbon

Carbon patterns

seasonality. uptake and release vary

Of the energy absorbed by primary produces, what process does the majority go into? What does the smaller portion go into?

Respiration | Not primary productivity (-> growth)

What does respiration do in plants?

maintain plant systems but doesn't add biomass/growth

Why do plants adapt?

CARBON GAIN competition scarcity rainfall/precipitation seasonality

Evapotraspiration

transport of water into atmosphere from surfaces (soil and vegetation)

why do plants evolve?

capture resources in short supply: water, light, nutrients

What are the benefits of leaves to plants?

Power house

Benefit of stems?

support, plumbing

Benefit of roots?

water

Biome

large terrestrial ecosystem (abundance of trees, shrubs, grasses)

Deciduos

Lose leaves

weather vs. climate

weather - immediate day to day | climate - general

Major Factors Affecting Precipitation

1. Latitude and Atmospheric Circulation 2. Converging/Subsiding Air 3. Frontal Lifting 4. Orographic Lifting

Major Factors Affecting Temp

1. Insolation 2. Elevation 3. Continentality

Test 1 Flashcards

(71 cards)