Test 1 Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
Phonemes
A
Sounds
2
Q
Lexis
A
Words
3
Q
Forms (eg. Words + s)
A
Morphology
4
Q
Syntax
A
Patterns (words in phrases or sentences)
5
Q
Meanings
A
Semantics
6
Q
Pragmatics
A
Use of words - knowing how to use language in the right context
7
Q
Sounds
A
Phonemes
8
Q
Words
A
Lexis
9
Q
Morphology
A
Forms (eg word + s)
10
Q
Patterns
A
Syntax
11
Q
Semantics
A
Meaning
12
Q
Use of words
A
Pragmatics
13
Q
Pragmatic presuppositions
A
background knowledge taken for granted in person
14
Q
Semantic presuppositions
A
information taken for granted in a sentence in order to manipulate meaning
15
Q
communicative competence
A
knowing how to perform functions with language.
16
Q
pragmatic presupposition
A
background knowledge taken for granted into conversation
17
Q
semantic presupposition
A
info taken for granted in a sentence.
18
Q
types of power
A
material - monetary,
technilogical, physcial
authoritative
symbolic - religious
19
Q
what are the 2 things that signs are made of according to Saussure?
A
signifier and signified
20
Q
what is langue?
A
competence, the overarching language system
21
Q
what is parole?
A
performance, the individual use of language.
22
Q
is language arbitary?
A
yes in that there is no reason in that b/r/e/a/d means bread
no in that there is a langue/ foundation that we all have to abide by in order to communicate - you cant just make up anything you want whenever.
23
Q
writing is:
language is:
A
deirvitive
autonomous
24
Q
words gain their meaning when:
A
they are interpretated in relation to each other.
25
why are names rigid designators?
because they do not influence the language aroud them when they change, unlike words.
26
how did jakobson describe language?
code and message
27
how did chansley describe language?
competence and performance
28
how did charles peirce describe language?
sign (signifier)
referent (what the sign is about)
interpetant (signified)
the sign is only a sign if it is interpreted by an interpretant.
29
icon:
by similarity to referent
30
index:
by factual connection to the referent
31
symbol:
by the habit or rule of an interpretant (arbitary)
32
what does pragmantic dimension mean?
there can be many meanings for words that can replace thwe words in the certain context
33
what are some types of signs? (4)
regulatory
infrastructural
informative
directional
34
what is a noun?
| + examples
A noun is a word that refers to a thing (book), a person (Betty Crocker), an animal (cat), a place (Omaha), a quality (softness), an idea (justice), or an action (yodeling). Eg. cake, shoes, school bus, and time and a half are all nouns.
35
what is a verb?
a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen.
36
adjective:
descriptive words
37
what is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? what does it rely on?
that the language that you speak influences/determines the way that you think/worldview.
it relies of linguistic diversity.
38
what is linguistic determination?
your language determines what you think.
39
what is habitual cognition?
linguistic determinism is not the way to demonstrate relation of thought and language.
40
what is an example of how different langauages prioritise different things, changing how they view the word?
some languages put more emphasis on the material that a thing is made out of rather then the shape that it is. whe presented with a plastic comb, and wooden comb and a wooden bowl, and asked to pick the odd one out they will choose the plastic comb as they priotise the material. In english we would choose the bowl as we prioritise function.
41
what is transivity?
whether a verb needs a direct object (eg hit is transverse, sit is instraverse
42
what does 'goal' mean?
the person or thing effected by the process.
43
when can actor deletion occur?
when it is a passive sentence
44
what is an example of how worldview shapes language through metaphor:
in the western world it can been seen that money and capitalism are valued because of the language and metaphors used such as 'time is money', expecting people to repay you for your time - 'thank you for your time'.
45
metaphors rely on:
beliefs and collective background knowledge.
46
reified:
made into a 'thing'
47
anthropomorphised:
treated like a human
48
what is the difference between personification and anthropomorphism?
Personification is an act of giving human characteristics to animals or objects to create imagery, while anthropomorphism aims to make an animal or object behave and appear like it is a human being.
49
Saussue:
signified
| signifier
50
signifier
| signified
saussue
51
charles peirce
signifier
referent
signifed
52
signifier
referent
signifed
charles peirce
53
in _____ linguistics, language is considered _____
cognitive, metaphorical.
54
semiotic:
relating to signs and symbols
55
what are some things that make up the linguistic landscape?
streetnames, signage, ads, handwritten notes, grafitti, street art
56
systematic patterns of ____ and ____ of languages in __ ___.
presense and absense in public places.
| what does this say about the linguitic landscapes.
57
geosemioties analysis:
study of social meaning of the material placement of signs in the world.
58
what are the 4 types of signs?
regulartory
infrastructural
commercial
transgressive
59
all signs are ideological, but explain why words are more flexible?
because the relationship between signifier and signified is extremely arbitary and language norms change all the time.
60
what is an example of languages putting people into indexes?
young people saying sick
| older people saying cool
61
what is the difference between sex and gender in linuistics?
sex - biological
| gender - indentity (socially constructed)
62
what is lexical asymmetry?
equivalent terms do not mean the same thing
63
when it comes to tag qs what are the the types that men and women most commonly use?
male - more modal/uncertain
| female - more affective/conversational
64
what is a deminuative?
when something is the lesser (sometimes in an endeared way) counterpart of a word eg. kitchen/kitchenette, bachelor/bachelorette.
65
is language sexist?
langue itself is not, however, parole can be.
66
what is a collocation?
words that often go together, eg. biritsh people say bad and weather together, other languages say heavy and weather to mean the same thing. sommon phrases, sayings, words often used together.
67
what is the difference between connotation and denotation?
connotation: what we associate with the word
denotation: the literal meaning of the word.
68
what is a marked term?
unmarked is the orginial form of a word eg. cta, bachelor, marked terms are the additions to the eg. cats bachelotette.
69
what does indexing gender mean?
terms that point to gender
70
what are gender preferentials?
exclusive terms that are associated with one gender.
71
what is the difference between reflextive, and constituitive?
relfexsive: being raised that way
constituitive: the words supports/perpetuates the ideology
72
what is hedging and boosting?
types of tag qs proposed by Lakoff, H - uncertainity, B - ellicit attention, both lacking in confidence.
73
how does Holme's theory differ from Lakoff's
she presented the idea that tag qs dont alway lack confidence, and that when women use them they are mainly used for control in convo (inviting people in, directing convo).
74
what are the types of tag qs Holmes presented?
referential or affective
- facilitational (inviting in)
- confirmatory (is this right?)
- confrontational (power/status)
- affective (softening blow)
